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  3. What are the basic requirements of life and what do we need next after those? When you answer these questions, you are doing the

What are the basic requirements of life and what do we need next after those? When you answer these questions, you are doing the

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问题     What are the basic requirements of life and what do we need next after those? When you answer these questions, you are doing the same kind of work that American psychologist Abraham Maslow did in his "hierarchy (层次)of needs" theory. The theory states that we must progress through various levels, satisfying the needs of each before being able to move on to the next. He thought individuals could eventually fulfill their potential if they could just satisfy their fundamental needs.

    These most basic needs form the bottom of Maslow’s hierarchy and are referred to as physiological needs. These needs include our needs for water and shelter. Unless these are satisfied, we cannot move to the next level, safety needs. We need to feel secure in our environments, and this feeling of security usually means protection and freedom from fear. The third level is the need for love and belonging. People satisfy this need through their families and homes, as well as by joining and forming groups, making friends, and being a part of a team.
    In the fourth level, the need for esteem refers to the need of people to be recognized. Here, they want to feel that others think highly of them: they may need praise and want to feel good about themselves. They may try to accomplish this by achieving set goals. Self-actualization, the fifth level, is the summit of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. It is the quest (追求)to reach one’s full human potential. In this process people tend to have needs such as truth, justice, wisdom, and spiritual fulfillment.
    Despite the appealing logic of Maslow’s hierarchy, it seems to have some limits. Extensive research has suggested that there is little evidence for the ranking of levels and the argument of a definite hierarchy. Moreover, the concept of self-actualization is not clear, and there is no evidence to show that every individual can reach it.
    Maslow was the first psychologist to carry out academic research on human needs. He believed everybody should be encouraged to discover their vocations (使命)in life and try their best to make life better. These are still important lessons today.
Questions 71—75
Complete the summary with a maximum of two words from the passage, changing the form where necessary.
American psychologist Abraham Maslow used his "hierarchy of needs" theory to show that we must meet a number of 【R1】______before we can fulfill our potentials. At the lower levels, we need food and shelter, the feeling of 【R2】______, and a sense of belonging. After those, we need to seek 【R3】______for our abilities before finally 【R4】______to the state of self-actualization. Although there are problems with Maslow’s approach, it still offers 【R5】______today.
【R4】
选项
答案progressing／moving
解析 (根据文章第三段，在第四层次的需求达到之后，人们才能进行下一阶段，第五阶段的自我实现需求。)
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