首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
(1) The multimillion dollar brain training industry is under attack. In October 2014, a group of over 100 eminent neuroscientist
(1) The multimillion dollar brain training industry is under attack. In October 2014, a group of over 100 eminent neuroscientist
admin
2021-02-24
62
问题
(1) The multimillion dollar brain training industry is under attack. In October 2014, a group of over 100 eminent neuroscientists and psychologists wrote an open letter warning that " claims promoting brain games are frequently exaggerated and at times misleading". Earlier this year, industry giant Lumosity was fined $2m, and ordered to refund thousands of customers who were duped by false claims that the company’s products improve general mental abilities and slow the progression of age-related decline in mental abilities. And a recent review examining studies purporting to show the benefits of such products found "little evidence...that training improves everyday cognitive performance".
(2) While brain training games and apps may not live up to their hype, it is well established that certain other activities and lifestyle choices can have neurological benefits that promote overall brain health and may help to keep the mind sharp as we get older. One of these is musical training. Research shows that learning to play a musical instrument is beneficial for children and adults alike, and may even be helpful to patients recovering from brain injuries.
(3) Playing a musical instrument is a rich and complex experience that involves integrating information from the senses of vision, hearing, and touch, as well as fine movements, and learning to do so can induce long-lasting changes in the brain. Professional musicians are highly skilled performers who spend years training, and they provide a natural laboratory in which neuroscientists can study how such changes—referred to as experience-dependent plasticity—occur across their lifespan.
(4) Early brain scanning studies revealed significant differences in brain structure between musicians and non-musicians of the same age. For example, the corpus callosum, a massive bundle of nerve fibres connecting the two sides of the brain, is significantly larger in musicians. The brain areas involved in movement, hearing, and visuo-spatial abilities also appear to be larger in professional keyboard players. And, the area devoted to processing touch sensations from the left hand is increased in violinists.
(5) These studies compared data from different groups of people at one point in time. As such, they could not determine whether the observed differences were actually caused by musical training, or if existing anatomical differences predispose some to become musicians. But later, longitudinal studies that track people over time have shown that young children who do 14 months of musical training exhibit significant structural and functional brain changes compared to those who do not.
(6) Together, these studies show that learning to play a musical instrument not only increases grey matter volume in various brain regions, but can also strengthen the long-range connections between them. Other research shows that musical training also enhances verbal memory, spatial reasoning, and literacy skills, such that professional musicians usually outperform non-musicians on these abilities.
(7) Importantly, the brain scanning studies show that the extent of anatomical change in musicians’ brains is closely related to the age at which musical training began, and the intensity of training. Those who started training at the youngest age showed the largest changes when compared to non-musicians.
(8) Even short periods of musical training in early childhood can have long-lasting benefits. In one 2013 study, for example, researchers recruited 44 older adults and divided them into three groups based on the level of formal musical training they had received as children. Participants in one group had received no training at all: those in the second had done a little training, defined as between one and three years of lessons: and those in the third had received moderate levels of training (four to fourteen years).
(9) The researchers played recordings of complex speech sounds to the participants, and used scalp electrodes to measure the timing of neural responses in a part of the auditory brainstem. As we age, the precision of this timing deteriorates, making it difficult to understand speech, especially in environments with a lot of background noise. Participants who had received moderate amounts of musical training exhibited the fastest neural responses, suggesting that even limited training in childhood can preserve sharp processing of speech sounds and increase resilience to age-related decline in hearing.
(10) More recently, it has become clear that musical training facilitates the rehabilitation of patients recovering from stroke and other forms of brain damage, and some researchers now argue that it might also boost speech processing and learning in children with dyslexia and other language impairments. What’s more, the benefits of musical training seem to persist for many years, or even decades, and the picture that emerges from this all evidence is that learning to play a musical instrument in childhood protects the brain against the development of cognitive impairment and dementia.
(11) Unlike commercial brain training products, which only improve performance on the skills involved, musical training has what psychologists refer to as transfer effects—in other words, learning to play a musical instrument seems to have a far broader effect on the brain and mental function, and improves other abilities that are seemingly unrelated.
(12) Learning to play a musical instrument, then, seems to be one of the most effective forms of brain training there is. Musical training can induce various structural and functional changes in the brain, depending on which instrument is being learned, and the intensity of the training regime. It’s an example of how dramatically life-long experience can alter the brain so that it becomes adapted to the idiosyncrasies of its owner’s lifestyle.
It has been confirmed that musical training can enhance one’s competence in the following areas EXCEPT______.
选项
A、language learning
B、spatial awareness
C、vision processing
D、auditory acuity
答案
C
解析
细节理解题。作者在第六段中提到了音乐训练可以提高语言记忆、空间推理和识字能力,语言记忆和识字能力属于语言学习范畴,因此排除A,空间推理可排除B,而第八至九段提到的研究发现,经过音乐训练的人能够更好地从纷杂的环境音中辨识出需要的语音,可见听觉敏锐度提升了,因此D也应排除,只有视觉处理没有提及,故C为答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/GnIK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
A、Ithelpspeopleorganizetheirthoughts.B、Ithelpspeopleunderstandothers’needs.C、Sometimesmessagesarenotfullydelive
FiveTypesofBooksI.IntroductionA.Readingforinformation,hopingto—improveourmindswiththeinformationacquired—g
FiveTypesofBooksI.IntroductionA.Readingforinformation,hopingto—improveourmindswiththeinformationacquired—g
ConversationalSkillsPeoplewhousuallymakeusfeelcomfortableinconversationsaregoodtalkers.Andtheyhavesomething
A、Shehasfewshortcomings.B、Herfranknesssometimesoffendsothers.C、Sheisachampionoftheunderdog.D、Shetendstobean
Whollyasidefromaestheticandmoralconsiderations,fashionisaneconomicabsurdity,andthereislittletobesaidinitsf
Aprojectlikelytoevolveinthenearorintermediatefutureisspacetourism.Todayspacetourismhasbecomeapurecommercial
Toacomparativeeducationalistmanyquestionsabouttheselectionandtrainingofdoctorsandlawyersindifferentcountries
Toacomparativeeducationalistmanyquestionsabouttheselectionandtrainingofdoctorsandlawyersindifferentcountries
(1)DetroitseemstobewhereWallStreetmeetsMainStreet.TightcreditisreckonedtohavecosttheAmericancarmakers40,000
随机试题
局限前壁心肌梗死特征性心电图改变见于()
患者隋某,胸膈痞闷,脘腹胀痛,嗳腐吞酸,恶心呕吐,饮食不消,脉弦滑。治宜选用()
[2014年,第104题]在计算机网络中,常将负责全网络信息处理的设备和软件称为()。
一平面简谐波的波动方程为y=0.01cos10π(25t—x)(SI),则在t=0.1s时刻,x=2m处质元的振动位移是()。
资料一:假定A、B、C三公司共同投资组成ABC有限责任公司。按ABC有限公司的章程规定,注册资本为900万元,A、B、C三方各占三分之一的股份。假定A公司以厂房投资,该厂房原值500万元,已提折旧300万元,投资各方确认的价值为300万元(同公允
下列关于营业税政策陈述正确的是()。
某公司计划对某一项目进行投资,投资额为300万元,期限为5年,每年净现金流量分别为150万元、200万元、200万元、100万元、200万元。假设资本成本率为10%,该项目的净现金流量及复利现值系数如下表所示。根据以上资料,回答下列问题:若
在为杂乱无章的环境与紧张节奏的生活所累的今天,人们对富于人性的设计是迫切需要的。注重人性化的公共设施更为人们所称道。那么什么是人性化设计呢?人性化设计即在设计产品的过程中以人为本,了解人的需求,设计出尊重人、关怀人的产品。公共设施是当地居民的活动设施,具有
Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry—WilliamShakespeare—buttherearetwodistinctlyseparateandincreasingl
A、Itcostsmuchless.B、Itsavestime.C、Mostoldpeoplelikeit.D、Mostyoungpeoplelikeit.D信息辨认题。对话中,女士询问男士市场调查的结果,男士回答说,大多
最新回复
(
0
)