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  3. For fans of bitcoin, a digital currency, the year got off to a volatile start. On January 5th one bitcoin changed hands for near

For fans of bitcoin, a digital currency, the year got off to a volatile start. On January 5th one bitcoin changed hands for near

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问题     For fans of bitcoin, a digital currency, the year got off to a volatile start. On January 5th one bitcoin changed hands for nearly $ 1,150—almost as much as the record set three years ago. It has since dropped by 33%. 【F1】 Elsewhere in the land of monetary bits, things move more slowly but trouble is brewing; a potential patent war looms over the blockchain, a distributed ledger that authenticates and records every bitcoin transaction.
    Heated fights over intellectual property are nothing new in promising technology markets. 【F2】 But given that the blockchain is expected to shake up everything from the way precious diamonds are safeguarded to the way shares are traded, the legal fights could be especially fierce.
    On the face of it, the blockchain does not lend itself easily to staking out intellectual-property claims. 【F3】 Bitcoin’s creator, known only by his pseudonym, Satoshi Nakamoto, published a paper about his invention, coded the first implementation and then disappeared—meaning that the core of the technology is now part of the public domain and only important additions and variations could be patented. And the blockchain’s components are widely known. In America court decisions as well as a new law on the granting of patents make it difficult to claim ownership for such financial innovations.
    This hasn’t stopped firms from trying to get patent protection on meaningful improvements to the blockchain, including security and encryption techniques, says Colette Reiner Mayer of Morrison & Foerster, a law firm. 【F4】 Applications are now becoming public, because America’s patent office must release them 18 months after they are filed. A search of Espacenet, a global database, yields 36 hits; hundreds more are said to be in the pipeline.
    Financial firms are among the most assiduous filers: MasterCard, for instance, is seeking four payment-related patents; Goldman Sachs has put in for one outlining a distributed ledger that can process foreign-exchange transactions. Startups, including Coinbase, Chain and 21 Inc, have been busy, too.
    Only a very few patents have been issued so far. 【F5】 And known applicants all say that they intend to use patents only "defensively" , meaning to protect themselves against lawsuits. Still, legal battles look likely; incumbent banks may go after newcomers, and "non-practising entities" (also known as "patent trolls") may attempt to shake down other firms. It could slow the pace of innovation, warns Brian Behlendorf of Hyperledger, an umbrella group for several blockchain-related projects.
【F5】
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答案已公开的申请者都说自己只是想“防御性”地使用专利，即保护自己，以免惹上不必要的法律诉讼。
解析 本句是简单句。该句主干为applicants all say that…that引导的为宾语从句，其主干为they intend to use patents only“defensively”，meaning引导伴随状语。该句体现了英语的形合特点。英语语言具有“形合”的特点，也就是说，英语句子无论多么复杂，都是通过一些语法手段和逻辑手段连接起来的“像葡萄藤一样”的结构。如果搞不清楚句子的语法结构，考生是很难作出正确的翻译的。因此在翻译句子之前，必须先通读全句，一边读一边拆分句子的语法结构，这是正式动笔翻译之前的一项重要准备工作。
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