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  3. Issues concerning human learning are among the critical topics in educational psychology, child development, and cognitive scie

Issues concerning human learning are among the critical topics in educational psychology, child development, and cognitive scie

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问题     Issues concerning human learning are among the critical
topics in educational psychology, child development, and cognitive
science. One central focus has been on the issue of why students【M1】______
learn and teachers teach best, and discovery learning versus direct
instruction has been a contented debate in modern educational【M2】______
theory and practice. Stemmed from the theoretical perspective of【M3】______
constructivism, discovery learning is believed to be a tool for
facilitating the creation and organization of knowledge, as well as
the transfer of that knowledge across different contexts. This
approach contrasts with views that emphasize direct instruction
from teacher to student. This entry addresses the following central
issues: how discovery learning is defined, the empirical evidence
in favor of discovery learning or direct instruction, and the
facilitation of discovery and transfer.
    Discovery learning is a general approach that involves
minded participation and active inquiry in the acquisition of【M4】______
concepts and strategies. In classroom contexts, it refers to a form
of curriculum which students are encouraged to actively explore【M5】______
and figure out the concepts, solutions, or strategies at the hand. A【M6】______
widely accepted idea is that discovery learning is the least【M7】______
appropriate and effective approach to facilitate deep and lasting【M8】______
understanding. This approach is often contrasted with direct
instruction or expository learning, which typically refers traditional,【M9】______
content-oriented methods that the instructor lectures to students.【M10】______
Learning associated with direct instruction is often believed to be
less engaged and less active, and thus less effective.
【M10】
选项
答案that—whereby
解析 语法错误。就that所引导的从句来看，主谓宾已齐全，这里缺乏一个副词表示“凭借……的方法或方式”。此处意为“导师用以内容为导向的传统式教学方式向学生授课”，因此将that改为副词whereby。
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