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  3. The Management of Change Today, change is a permanent characteristic of business activity. In some cases it is expected and

The Management of Change Today, change is a permanent characteristic of business activity. In some cases it is expected and

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问题                      The Management of Change
    Today, change is a permanent characteristic of business activity. In some cases it is expected and planned for. In others it is not. Some changes may be impossible to forecast and therefore pose the greatest danger. The effect will be heightened when the factors driving change fall beyond the control of the business. New consumer tastes, the rise of competitors, new legislation and economic fluctuations are all examples of this.
    People bring about change,  but they are also the most important barrier to its success. Individuals may resist change to protect pay, for example. It often takes time for workers to adapt. and if payment is based on output, they may, to begin with, earn less. They may also, since change can endanger a person’s authority,  regard change as a threat to their status. In addition, the wish to maintain group membership can be strong, and workers may resist change because they are worried about what others may think if they do not.
    There are two key ways in which managers can help individuals overcome their natural resistance to change. The first is to involve those affected at every stage of the process so they understand why a new approach is necessary and have an interest in its success. To achieve this, when a decision is to be made, a proposal should pass between all employees who have an interest in the outcome. They are then asked to comment on the idea: in this way agreement about the best way forward gradually emerges and a final plan can be developed.
    Of course, this is much less useful if rapid change is needed in response to a crisis. An alternative is to keep all those people affected by a change informed of what is happening at each stage of the process. Make sure everyone is aware of the options available. Many of the difficulties caused by a new situation are the result of fear of the unknown, but by informing those involved, some of the uncertainty can be removed.
    When change is actually introduced, the process must be controlled. The final outcome of the programme should be the situation that was identified as ’where we want to be’ in the initial planning phase. Targets should be set for each stage to ensure that progress is focused and does not slow down. It is essential that each target is measurable and that people recognise what is involved. If the outcome of each stage is well defined, action can be taken if the process shows any sign of moving out of control.
    One individual experienced at managing change is Martin Chambers, CEO of a North American computer firm. He says,  "The secret is to build an organisation that isn’t afraid to make changes while it’s still on top, when it’s not a matter of survival, " He also encourages his management team to learn  from competitors. "It’s important to understand how the market works, to know what products are available, and to always be thinking ahead." His approach signals that failure to constantly adapt to market conditions is why companies fall from positions of market dominance.  
According to the fifth paragraph, what is important when carrying out a process of change?
选项 A、It is necessary to decide who is responsible for the different stages.
B、Managers should continue to inform staff about the progress being made.
C、It should be clear whether each stage of the process has been achieved.
D、Potential problems need to be highlighted earlier in the process.
答案C
解析 题目意为：“根据第五段内容，在实施变革的过程中重要的是什么?”文中第五段首先指出，开始实施变革后，要对过程进行控制。变革的最终结果应当与计划最初确立的目标是一样的。接着指出“Targets should be set for each stage to ensure that progress is focused and does not slow down. It is essential that each target is measurable and…If the outcome of each stage is well defined, action can be taken if the process shows any sign of moving out of control.”即：每一阶段都应当树立目标，以确保变革的进展是有中心的，速度没有放慢。关键的是每一个目标(是否完成)都是可以衡量的……如果每个阶段的目标都非常明确，一旦发现任何失控的迹象，就可以采取行动。由此可以判断出，实施变革的过程中，重要的是明确每一阶段的目标，以确保变革过程的每一步都保证可以实现最终的目标。因此C项“要清楚变革讨程中的每一阶段是否已经完成”与文中意思相符。
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