首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Early in the film "A Beautiful Mind", the mathematician John Nash is seen sitting in a Princeton courtyard, hunched over a playi
Early in the film "A Beautiful Mind", the mathematician John Nash is seen sitting in a Princeton courtyard, hunched over a playi
admin
2012-04-23
29
问题
Early in the film "A Beautiful Mind", the mathematician John Nash is seen sitting in a Princeton courtyard, hunched over a playing board covered with small black and white pieces that look like pebbles. He was playing Go, an ancient Asian game. Frustration at losing that game inspired the real Nash to pursue the mathematics of game theory, research for which he eventually was awarded a Nobel Prize.
In recent years, computer experts, particularly those specializing in artificial intelligence, have felt the same fascination and frustration. Programming other board games has been a relative snap. Even chess has succumbed to the power of the processor. Five years ago, a chess-playing computer called Deep Blue not only beat but thoroughly humbled Garry Kasparov, the world champion at that time. That is because chess, while highly complex, can be reduced to a matter of brute force computation. Go is different. Deceptively easy to learn, either for a computer or a human, it is a game of such depth and complexity that it can take years for a person to become a strong player. To date, no computer has been able to achieve a skill level beyond that of the casual player.
The game is played on a board divided into a grid of 19 horizontal and 19 vertical lines. Black and white pieces called stones are placed one at a time on the grid’s intersections. The object is to acquire and defend territory by surrounding it with stones. Programmers working on Go see it as more accurate than chess in reflecting the ways the human mind works. The challenge of programming a computer to mimic that process goes to the core of artificial intelligence, which involves the study of learning and decision-making, strategic thinking, knowledge representation, pattern recognition and perhaps most intriguingly, intuition.
Along with intuition, pattern recognition is a large part of the game. While computers are good at crunching numbers, people are naturally good at matching patterns. Humans can recognize an acquaintance at a glance, even from the back.
Daniel Bump, a mathematics professor at Stanford, works on a program called GNU Go in his spare time.
"You can very quickly look at a chess game and see if there’s some major issue," he said. But to make a decision in Go, he said, players must learn to combine their pattern-matching abilities with the logic and knowledge they have accrued in years of playing.
"Part of the challenge has to do with processing speed. The typical chess program can evaluate about 300,000 positions in a second, and Deep Blue was able to evaluate some 200 million positions in a second. By mid-game, most Go programs can evaluate only a couple of dozen positions each second," said Anders Kierulf, who wrote a program called SmartGo.
In the course of a chess game, a player has an average of 25 to 35 moves available. In Go, on the other hand, a player can choose from an average of 240 moves. A Go-playing computer would need about 30,000 years to look as far ahead as Deep Blue can with chess in three Seconds, said Michael Reiss, a computer scientist in London. But the obstacles go deeper than processing power. Not only do Go programs have trouble evaluating positions quickly; they have trouble evaluating them correctly. Nonetheless, the allure of computer Go increases as the difficulties it poses encourage programmers to advance basic work in artificial intelligence.
For that reason, Fotland said, "writing a strong Go program will teach us more about making computers think like people than writing a strong chess program. "
What does the sentence "Programming other board games has been a relative snap. " (Paragraph 2) indicate?
选项
A、Programming other board games has been relatively easy.
B、Programming other board games has been relatively difficult.
C、Programming other board games has been relatively complicated.
D、Programming other board games has been relatively predictabl
答案
A
解析
这句话的理解难度一方面在于词汇“snap”,另一方面要求结合上下文。snap原意为“(树枝等的)突然折断;(鞭子等的)突然抽打;突然的撕咬,猛咬”,结合下文可见象棋编程已成功,因此此句指除围棋外的其他棋类变成相对较简单,一折即断。故答案为A。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/HPiO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Butingeneral,theUnitedStateswasfoundeduponEuropean,andespeciallyBritish,precedents.Culturallyspeaking,Americami
InApril1995,ayoungChinesechemistrystudentatBeijingUniversitylaydyinginaBeijinghospital.Shewasinacoma,anda
IrememberMaxverywell.HehadaPh.D.fromPrinceton.HewasaChaucerian.Hewasbrilliant,eloquent,andprofessorial.He
Tilequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld’sgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthis
A、Becauseitcostsless.B、Becauseteacherswilllearnquickly.C、Becauseitisrequiredbyexperts.D、Becausetheculturalpatt
A、naturalbeautifulhighlandsB、mysteriouslegendsandhiddentreasuresC、space,tranquilityandwelcomesD、old-fashionedhumane
Youknowher—thatniceteenageracrossthestreet?Chloe.Theresheis,sittinginoneofthetwocaptain’sseatsinthemidsect
Youknowher—thatniceteenageracrossthestreet?Chloe.Theresheis,sittinginoneofthetwocaptain’sseatsinthemidsect
CharleyFoleycallsintotheMaterMisericordiaHospitaltovisithiswife."Howareyoufeeling?"heasks,sittingattheb
随机试题
要求应答者根据某个标准或某种特性为问题中的事物排列顺序或分成等级的量表是()
Excel把日期和时间视为数字来进行处理。()
我国国家标准GB/T19000一2000质量管理体系标准关于质量管理的定义是在质量方面指挥和控制组织的协调活动。与质量有关的活动,通常包括()等。
为了便于常态混凝土与碾压混凝土在浇筑时能同步上升,应对常态混凝土掺加()。
下列关于普通合伙企业的利润分配、亏损分担方式的说法中,正确的有()。
管理的基本职能包括()。
为了扩大有效需求,保证经济稳定增长,我国宏观调控采取的主要政策措施有()。
8,4,4,6,15,()
低碳也可促进经济低碳经济是指温室气体排放量尽可能低的经济发展方式,尤其要有效控制二氧化碳这一主要温室气体的排放。在全球变暖的大背景下,低碳经济受到越来越多国家的关注。低碳经济以低能耗、低排放、低污染为基础,其实质是提高能源利用效率和创建清洁能
窗体上有名称分别为Text1、Text2的文本框,名称为Command1的命令按钮。运行程序,在Text1中输入"FormList",然后单击命令按钮,执行如下程序:PrivateSubCommand1_Click() Text2.Text=U
最新回复
(
0
)