A、Family groups. B、Larger groups. C、Classmates groups. D、Friendship groups. D题干询问的是在什么群体中，人们逐渐成为领导。短文中提到，比如说友谊群体，尽管没有正式选举的过程，一个或

There are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns grant leadership on one or both of the parents.(33)In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
    Though leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of " natural leaders". It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
    Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to " get things done".(35)Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that attaches importance to the collective well-beings of a social group’s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to make less tensions and conflicts among them. Instrumental leaders may discipline group members who block attainment of the group goals. Expressive leaders tend to cultivate a more personal or primary relationship with others in the group.
33. In what groups do people gradually become leaders?
34. What are leaders often thought to be?
35. What do we learn about expressive leaders?