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  3. Passage Two (1) At a Father’s Day breakfast, my 5-year-old son and his classmates sang a song about fathers, crooning about

Passage Two (1) At a Father’s Day breakfast, my 5-year-old son and his classmates sang a song about fathers, crooning about

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问题     Passage Two
    (1)  At a Father’s Day breakfast, my 5-year-old son and his classmates sang a song about fathers, crooning about "my dad who’s big and strong" and "fixes things with his hammer" and, above all else, "is really cool. "
    (2)  Now, there’s nothing wrong with most of these qualities in and of themselves. But when these lyrics are passed down as the defining soundtrack to masculine identity, we limit children’s understanding not just of what it means to be a father but of what it means to be a man—and a boy, as well.
    (3)   When fathers appear in children’s picture books, they’re angling for laughs, taking their sons on adventures or modeling physical strength or stoic independence. There is the rare exception in children’s books where a father baldly demonstrates—without symbolic gestures—his love for his son (a few are Guess How Much I Love You and Oh, Oh, Baby Boy!). Just as women’s studies classes have long examined the ways that gendered language undermines women and girls, a growing body of research shows that stereotypical messages are similarly damaging to boys.
    (4)  A 2014 study in Pediatrics found that mothers interacted vocally more often with their infant daughters than they did with their infant sons. In a different study, a team of British researchers found that Spanish mothers were more likely to use emotional words and emotional topics when speaking with their 4-year-old daughters than with their 4-year-old sons. Interestingly, the same study revealed that daughters were more likely than sons to speak about their emotions with their fathers when talking about past experiences. And during these reminiscing conversations, fathers used more emotion-laden words with their 4-year-old daughters than with their 4-year-old sons.
    (5)  What’s more, a 2017 study led by Emory University researchers discovered, among other things, that fathers also sing and smile more to their daughters, and they use language that is more "analytical" and that acknowledges their sadness far more than they do with their sons. The words they use with sons are more focused on achievement—such as "win" and "proud". Researchers believe that these discrepancies in fathers’ language may contribute to "the consistent findings that girls outperform boys in school achievement outcomes. "
    (6)  After visits to the emergency room for accidental injuries, another study found, parents of both genders talk differently to sons than they do to daughters. They are nearly four times more likely to tell girls than boys to be more careful if undertaking the same activity again. The same study cited earlier research which found that parents of both genders used "directives" when teaching their 2- to 4-year-old sons how to climb down a playground pole but offered extensive "explanations" to daughters.
    (7)  Even boys’ literacy skills seem to be impacted by the taciturn way we expect them to speak. In his book Manhood in America, Michael Kimmel, the masculine studies researcher and author, maintains that "the traditional liberal arts curriculum is seen as feminizing by boys. " Nowhere is this truer than in English classes where, as I’ve witnessed after more than 20 years of teaching, boys and young men police each other when other guys display overt interest in literature or creative writing assignments. Typically, non-fiction reading and writing passes muster because it poses little threat for boys. But literary fiction, and especially poetry, is a medium to fear. Why? They’re the language of emotional exposure, purported feminine "weakness"—the very thing our scripting has taught them to avoid at best, suppress, at worst.
    (8)  Women often say they want men to be emotionally transparent with them. But as the vulnerability and shame expert Brene Brown reveals in her book, "Daring Greatly" , many grow uneasy or even recoil if men take them up on their offer.
    (9)  Indeed, a Canadian study found that college-aged female respondents considered men more attractive if they used shorter words and sentences and spoke less. This finding seems to jibe with Dr. Brown’s research, suggesting that the less men risk emoting verbally, the more appealing they appear.
    (10)   Such squelching messages run counter-intuitively to male wiring, it turns out: Guys are born more emotionally sensitive than girls.
    (11)  For three decades the research of Edward Tronick explored the interplay between infants and their mothers. He and his colleagues in the department of newborn medicine at Harvard Medical School discovered that mothers unconsciously interacted with their infant sons more attentively and vigilantly than they did with their infant daughters because the sons needed more support for controlling their emotions. Some of their research found that boys’ emotional reactivity was eventually " restricted or perhaps more change-worthy than the reactivity of girls," Dr. Tronick noted in an email. Mothers initiated this—through physical withdrawal.
    (12)  " So the * manning up’ of infant boys begins early on in their typical interactions," Dr. Tronick said, "and long before language plays its role. "
    (13)  Judy Chu, a human biologist, conducted a two-year study of 4- and 5-year-old boys and found that they were as astute as girls at reading other people’s emotions and at cultivating close, meaningful friendships. In her book When Boys Become Boys she maintains that by the time the boys reached first grade, sometimes earlier, they traded their innate empathy for a learned stoicism and greater emotional distance from friends. Interestingly, they adopted this new behavior in public, exclusively, but not at home or when their parents were around.
    (14)  Why do we limit the emotional vocabulary of boys?
    (15)  We tell ourselves we are preparing our sons to fight (literally and figuratively), to compete in a world and economy that’s brutish and callous. The sooner we can groom them for this dystopian (反乌托邦的) future, the better off they’ll be. But the Harvard psychologist Susan David insists the opposite is true: "Research shows that people who suppress emotions have lower-level resilience and emotional health. "
    (16)  How can we change this? We can start, says Dr. David, by letting boys experience their emotions, all of them, without judgment—or by offering them solutions. This means helping them learn the crucial lessons that "Emotions aren’t good or bad" and that "their emotions aren’t bigger than they are. They aren’t something to fear. "
    (17)  Say to boys: "I can see that you’re upset," or ask them, "What are you feeling?" or "What’s going on for you right now?" There doesn’t have to be any grand plan beyond this, she says. "Just show up for them. Get them talking. Show that you want to hear what they’re saying. "  
What might have contributed to girls’ better academic records according to the researchers?
选项 A、Having a higher frequency of oral interactions between mothers and daughters.
B、Talking about emotions during daughters’ communication with their fathers.
C、Choosing which word to use depending upon whom fathers talk to.
D、Giving daughters more explanations instead of orders.
答案C
解析 推断题。根据题干提示定位至第五段。该段前两句指出，埃默里大学研究人员领导的一项研究发现，在其他方面，与对儿子相比，父亲对女儿唱歌和微笑的次数更多，使用的语言比对儿子的更具“分析性”且更能表现他们的悲伤。他们对儿子的用词更侧重成就——比如“获胜”和“自豪”。作者紧接着在第三句总结道，研究人员认为，父亲语言中的这些差异，也许是造成“女孩的学业成就超过男孩这个一致的研究结果”的原因。由此可以推出，导致女孩的学业成绩超过男孩的原因之一可能是父亲会根据与女儿还是儿子谈话来选择用词，[C]符合原文，故为答案。第四段第一句指出，2014年《儿科学》上刊登的一项研究发现，母亲与女婴的语言互动频率高于和男婴的互动；第四段第三句提到在另一项研究中，英国的一组研究人员还发现，在谈论过去的经历时，女儿比儿子更有可能和父亲谈及她们的感情；第六段最后一句提到，这项研究还引用了一项早期研究，这项早期研究发现，父母在教两到四岁的儿子如何从操场的杆子上爬下来时会使用许多“指令”，但却给女儿做出了大量的“解释”，由此可知，[A]、[B]、[D]在原文均有提及，但这三个发现只表现出父母用不同的方式对儿子和女儿说话，并不能由此推断出它们是否会造成女孩的学业成绩超过男孩，故均排除。
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