首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
"Organic Architecture" One of the most striking personalities in the development of early-twentieth-century architecture was
"Organic Architecture" One of the most striking personalities in the development of early-twentieth-century architecture was
admin
2018-07-24
20
问题
"Organic Architecture"
One of the most striking personalities in the development of early-twentieth-century architecture was Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959). Wright moved to Chicago, where he eventually joined the firm headed by Louis Sullivan. Wright set out to create "architecture of democracy." Always a believer in architecture as "natural" and "organic," Wright saw it as serving free individuals who have the right to move within a "free" space, envisioned as a nonsymmetrical design interacting spatially with its natural surroundings. He sought to develop an organic unity of planning, structure, materials, and site. Wright identified the unity: "Classic architecture was all fixation. ... Now why not let walls, ceilings, floors become seen as component parts of each other? ... This ideal, profound in its architectural implications ... I called ... continuity."
Wright manifested his vigorous originality early, and by 1900 he had arrived at a style entirely his own. In his work during the first decade of the twentieth century, his cross-axial plan and his fabric of continuous roof planes and screens defined a new domestic architecture.
Wright fully expressed these elements and concepts in Robie House, built between 1907 and 1909. Like other buildings in the Chicago area he designed at about the same time, he called this home a "prairie house." Wright conceived the long, sweeping ground-hugging lines, unconfined by abrupt wall limits, as reaching out toward and capturing the expansiveness of the Midwest’s great flatlands. Abandoning all symmetry, the architect eliminated a facade, extended the roofs far beyond the walls, and all but concealed the entrance. Wright filled the "wandering" plan of the Robie House with intricately joined spaces (some large and open, others closed), grouped freely around a great central fireplace. A (He believed strongly in the hearth’s age-old domestic significance.) Wright designed enclosed patios, overhanging roofs, and strip windows to provide unexpected light sources and glimpses of the outdoors as people move through the interior space. B These elements, together with the open ground plan, create a sense of space-in-motion inside and out. C The flow of interior space determined the sharp, angular placement of exterior walls. D
The Robie House is a good example of Wright’s "naturalism," his adjusting of a building to its site. In this particular case, however, the confines of the city lot constrained the building-to-site relationship more than did the sites of some of Wright’s more expansive suburban and country homes. The Kaufmann House, nicknamed "Fallingwater" and designed as a weekend retreat at Bear Run near Pittsburgh, is a prime example of the latter. Perched on a rocky hillside over a small waterfall, this structure extends the Robie House’s blocky masses in all four directions. Since the completion of this residence, architects and the public alike have marveled at the fluid interplay between interior and exterior. In designing Fallingwater, Wright, in keeping with his commitment to an "architecture of democracy," sought to incorporate the structure more fully into the site, thereby ensuring a fluid, dynamic exchange between the interior of the house and the natural environment outside. Rather than build a house overlooking or next to the waterfall, Wright decided to build it over the waterfall, because he believed that the inhabitants would become desensitized to the waterfall’s presence and power if they merely overlooked it. To take advantage of the location, Wright designed a series of terraces on three levels from a central core structure. The contrast in textures between concrete, painted metal, and natural stones in its walls enliven its shapes, as does Wright’s use of full-length strip windows to create a stunning interweaving of interior and exterior space.
The implied message of Wright’s new architecture was space, not mass—a space designed to fit the patron’s life and enclosed and divided as required. Wright took special pains to meet his client’s requirements, often designing all the accessories of a house. In the late 1930s, he acted on a cherished dream to provide good architectural design for less prosperous people by adapting the ideas of his prairie house to plans for smaller, less expensive dwellings. The publication of Wright’s plans brought him a measure of fame in Europe, especially in Holland and Germany. The issuance in Berlin in 1910 of a portfolio of his work and an exhibition of his designs the following year stimulated younger architects to adopt some of his ideas about open plans. Some forty years before his career ended, his work was already of revolutionary significance.
The phrase his own in the passage refers to
选项
A、style
B、originality
C、work
D、plan
答案
A
解析
"Wright manifested his vigorous originality early, and by 1900 he had arrived at a style entirely his own [style]." The phrase "his own" does not refer to Choices B, C, or D.
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/HtfO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.CLIMATEANDARCHITECTURECasesandexamplesarefrom
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOrecentdevelopmentsinroof-gardenbuildingarementioned?AwaterproofbarriermaterialsBd
Whichattitudeisassociatedwiththefollowingpeopleduringtheconversation?ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwritetheco
Whichattitudeisassociatedwiththefollowingpeopleduringtheconversation?ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwritetheco
Completethesentencesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.Duringtheflight,______facilitieshelpedhimdist
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.DevelopmentStudiesDevelopmentStudiesattemptstounderstand-
PatentsandInventionsWhenaninventionismade,theinventorhasthreepossiblecoursesofactionopentohim:first,hec
PatentsandInventionsWhenaninventionismade,theinventorhasthreepossiblecoursesofactionopentohim:first,hec
PatentsandInventionsWhenaninventionismade,theinventorhasthreepossiblecoursesofactionopentohim:first,hec
PatentsandInventionsWhenaninventionismade,theinventorhasthreepossiblecoursesofactionopentohim:first,hec
随机试题
Oneoftheworld’soldestandmostfamousstatuesmaynot【C1】______muchlongerunlessstepsare【C2】______tosaveit.Thehugef
下列可引起性传播疾病的病原体是
关于成骨肉瘤下列特征中,哪项不准确
患者,男性,41岁。3天前弯腰抬重物时突发腰痛。查体:腰骶部压痛,右直腿抬高试验阳性,小腿前外侧和足内侧痛、触:觉减退,踝及趾背伸力下降,该患者受累的神经根为
A.急性闭角性青光眼B.急性单纯疱疹性角膜炎C.沙眼D.睑腺炎E.老年性白内障在老年人中,可引起慢性视力下降的常见眼病是
生产经营单位的主要负责人依照生产经营单位相关责任规定受刑事处罚或者撤职处分的,自刑罚执行完毕或者受处分之日起,( )内不得担任任何生产经营单位的主要负责人。
被称为“口袋房,曼子炕”的是()的民居形式。
【2016年上】我国不同民族室内装饰与居住环境各有特色。下图的民居室内装饰反映的民族特色是()。
【2014年河北省第42题】从2000到6000的自然数中,不含数字5的自然数有多少个?
Preschoolers’InnateKnowledgeMeansTheyCanProbablyDoAlgebraChilddevelopmentspecialistsareuncoveringevidencethat
最新回复
(
0
)