2. 外语
  3. 大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间，上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，锄草和栽花；在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌；往日的田园依旧是今

大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间，上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，锄草和栽花；在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌；往日的田园依旧是今

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问题     大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间，上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，锄草和栽花；在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌；往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。这样，每个地方都有自己的传说，风俗也就衍存了下来。
选项
答案 The bounty of Nature is equal to everyone，rich or poor，and therefore all men are strongly attached to her．This is particularly true in the rural areas，where people have kept the same lifestyle for a millennium or so．They plant crops and grapevines，brew wine to drink，feed cows to milk，and weed the gardens to grow flowers．They go to church at weekends，and they meet in the square on holidays，playing the violin，singing and dancing．The age-old land remains the same as their family hearth．Each place boasts its folklore and thereby social customs go down．
解析    1．所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深地依赖着。
   从修辞方面说，英汉词语在横向组合关系上，即词语的搭配方面还存在另一种差异。那就是在对待“同义反复”(Tautology)问题上的差异。汉语词语搭配往往使用“同义反复”；而英语词语搭配通常避免“同义反复”。原文“所以人们……全都一致并探深地依赖着”中“全都一致”为同义反复，由于不了解英汉在这方面的差异，译文中可能出现“同义反复”的情况，比如，People all unanimously．．．/All the people unanimously．，．/ Everybody unanimously…。这种同义反复的搭配在英语中是不能被接受的。然而相比之下，汉语表达方法“大家一致感到”或者“大家全都一致感到”等都是自然的，完全可以接受的。译文：…therefore all men are strongly attached to her．
   2．去教堂祈祷和做礼拜。
   原文“去教堂祈祷和做礼拜”，译文“…go to church pray and worship"是同义反复；因为go to(或 attend) church 本身就是“去(教堂)做礼拜”，据COBUILD(p．240)，church is also used  to refer to the religious services that are held in a church．避免“同义反复”的译文大致有3种:①go to church;②go to  the church to pray and worship; ③pray and worship in the church。   
   3．英汉词与词之间的聚合关系和组合关系都存在很大差异．因此，译文中容易出现顾此失彼的现象。这种现象突出表现在“种植庄稼……温馨家园”这段译文和拉琴”译文中。
   以上译文词语聚合关系和组合关系选择表如下：  
   4．平行结构是话语组织法中具有的共同现象。由于语言之间的差异，平行结构的表现形式可能不同， Parallelism是英语话语组织的一种重要形式；骈偶结构是汉语话语组织的一种重要形式。
   爱用骈偶是汉语的一个特色。现代的对仗有的不很严格，有时只求字数的相等。汉语的语句组织中自然包含了声律的要求。结构严谨、音韵和谐的句子组织，既是语法问题，又是修辞问题。使用Parallelism是英语的一大特点。英语中Parallelism形式种类繁多，规模大小不等，虽不求字数的相等，却严格要求组成部分的语法成分一致，或者说，受制于语法或文体修辞规则，该平行的必须平行，不然便视为缺点或错误(faulty)。正如J. E.Kahn(1985：421)所说：Parallel constructions，then，come in a great variety of sizes and shapes．These are all subject to an overriding and obvious rule(sometimes a rule of grammar，sometimes of style)：if elements are presented as parallel，they must be parallel--their structures must be properly matched．例如.(a)文体问题:She is stubborn，selfish，and has a sharp temper．(cf．She is stubborn，selfish，and quick-tempered．)(b)语法错误：Not only is that a very unfair statement，but also quite untrue．(cf．Not only is that a very unfair statement，but it is also quite untrue．)
   汉语话语是由散行与骈偶组成的，以上述汉译英原文为例，骈偶结构如下:“无论贫富，——律平等……全都一致……种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，锄草和栽花；在周末去教堂祈祷(和做礼拜)，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌：往日的田园……今日的(温馨)家园。”在译文组句时必须考虑Parallelism的问题。
   无论贫富
   ①不平行结构：A.语法错误；a)People，poverty or wealthy．．．；b)People，poor Or the rich…。
   B．文体问题：a)People，poor Or with property．．，；b)People，poor Or Of wealth…；
   C)People who are poor or have riches…。
   ②平行结构：a)People，poor or rich．．．；b)People，the poor or the rich…。
   种植庄稼和葡萄……
   ①不平行结构：A.语法错误：a) They plant crops and grapevines，brewing and drink wine…b)They plant crops and  grapevines，brew wine and drinking．．．;
   B．文体问题：a)They plant crops and grapevines，brew，drink，feed cows and milk…;
   b)They plant crops and grapevines，brew for drinking，feed cows and milk cows…。
   ②平行结构：a)They plant crops and grapevines，brew and drink wine，feed and milk cows…；b)They plant crops and grapevines，brew wine to drink，feed cows  milk．．．。   
   去教堂祈祷和做礼拜
   ①不平行结构：A.语法错误：a)They go to the church，praying and to attend church service．b)They go to the church，pray and attending church service．
   B．文体问题：a)They go to the church to pray and for church service．b)They go to the church for praying and to attend church service．
②平行结构；a)They go to the church to pray and attend church service．b)They go to the church praying and attending church service．
   到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌
   ①不平行结构：A．语法错误：a)They play the violin，dance and singing．b)They play  the violin， dancing and sing．
   B．文体问题：They play the violin，dance and they sing．
   ②平行结构：a)They play the violin，dance and sing．b)They play the violin，dancing and singing．c) They dance  and  sing to the violin．
   5．英语Parallelism涉及面极广，包括了篇章内从词到句子几乎所有并列的语法结构。从更大的范围上看，同样存在使用Parallelism的问题：
   将以上汉语骈偶结构转化为英语Parallelism可能有多种选择，下面介绍几种:
   a)They grow crops and grapevines，brew and drink wine，feed and milk COWS，and weed and plant the gardens．
   b)They plant crops and grapevines，brew wine to drink，feed cows to milk，and weed the gardens  to grow flowers．
   c)They plant crops and grapevines，brew wine for drink，feed cows for milk，and weed the gardens for flowers．
   d)They plant crops and grapevines，do the gardening，brew wine for drink，and feed cows for milk．
   在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌；
   将以上汉语骈偶结构转化为英语Parallelism，一般可选择al+32或b1+b2两种方法。
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