首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Early in the film A Beautiful Mind, the mathematician John Nash is seen sitting in a Princeton courtyard, hunched over a playing
Early in the film A Beautiful Mind, the mathematician John Nash is seen sitting in a Princeton courtyard, hunched over a playing
admin
2019-11-02
56
问题
Early in the film A Beautiful Mind, the mathematician John Nash is seen sitting in a Princeton courtyard, hunched over a playing board covered with small black and white pieces that look like pebbles. He was playing Go, an ancient Asian game. Frustration at losing that game inspired the real Nash to pursue the mathematics of game theory, research for which he eventually was awarded a Nobel Prize.
In recent years, computer experts, particularly those specializing in artificial intelligence, have felt the same fascination and frustration. Programming other board games has been a relative snap. Even chess has succumbed to the power of the processor. Five years ago, a chess-playing computer called Deep Blue not only beat but thoroughly humbled Garry Kasparov, the world champion at that time. That is because chess, while highly complex, can be reduced to a matter of brute force computation. Go is different. Deceptively easy to learn, either for a computer or a human, it is a game of such depth and complexity that it can take years for a person to become a strong player. To date, no computer has been able to achieve a skill level beyond that of the casual player.
The game is played on a board divided into a grid of 19 horizontal and 19 vertical lines. Black and white pieces called stones are placed one at a time on the grid’s intersections. The object is to acquire and defend territory by surrounding it with stones. Programmers working on Go see it as more accurate than chess in reflecting the ways the human mind works. The challenge of programming a computer to mimic that process goes to the core of artificial intelligence, which involves the study of learning and decision-making, strategic thinking, knowledge representation, pattern recognition and perhaps most intriguing, intuition.
Along with intuition, pattern recognition is a large part of the game. While computers are good at crunching numbers, people are naturally good at matching patterns. Humans can recognize an acquaintance at a glance, even from the back.
Daniel Bump, a mathematics professor at Stanford, works on a program called GNU Go in his spare time.
"You can very quickly look at a chess game and see if there’s some major issue, " he said. But to make a decision in Go, he said, players must learn to combine their pattern-matching abilities with the logic and knowledge they have accrued in years of playing.
Part of the challenge has to do with processing speed. The typical chess program can evaluate about 300, 000 positions in a second, and Deep Blue was able to evaluate some 200 million positions in a second. By midgame, most Go programs can evaluate only a couple of dozen positions each second, said Anders Kierulf, who wrote a program called SmartGo.
In the course of a chess game, a player has an average of 25 to 35 moves available. In Go, on the other hand, a player can choose from an average of 240 moves. A Go-playing computer would need about 30, 000 years to look as far ahead as Deep Blue can with chess in three seconds, said Michael Reiss, a computer scientist in London. But the obstacles go deeper than processing power. Not only do Go programs have trouble evaluating positions quickly; they have trouble evaluating them correctly. Nonetheless, the allure of computer Go increases as the difficulties it poses encourage programmers to advance basic work in artificial intelligence.
For that reason, Fotland said, "writing a strong Go program will teach us more about making computers think like people than writing a strong chess program."
Which information about Go CANNOT be inferred from the passage?
选项
A、On the board there is a grid with 361 intersections.
B、The goal of the game is to defend one’s territory.
C、Playing Go involves more calculation than playing chess.
D、Playing Go involves intuition.
答案
B
解析
以下哪项信息不能从文中推论得到?选项B错在围棋的目的是通过围格子获得或保卫领土而不仅仅是保卫领土,其他选项信息都可以在文章第三段及第八段中找到。A选项较难,需要进行运算。因为根据原文围棋由19条水平线和19条垂直线围成格子,因此交叉点(intersection)就有19×19=361个。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/IAbK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Christmasisthetimetomakethebelovedonesfeelspecial.Ahugandakisswouldprobablybemorethanenoughbutgiftsare
Christmasisthetimetomakethebelovedonesfeelspecial.Ahugandakisswouldprobablybemorethanenoughbutgiftsare
TheDifferenceBetweenSpokenandWrittenEnglishI.Thedefinitionofspeechandwritingtwo【T1】______methodsofcommunicatio
TheDifferenceBetweenSpokenandWrittenEnglishI.Thedefinitionofspeechandwritingtwo【T1】______methodsofcommunicatio
A、Itownsthemostbeautifulcampusintheworld.B、Itsscholarshipiseasytoobtain.C、Ithasproduced12Nobellaureates.D、I
TheHouseisexpectedtopassapieceoflegislationThursdaythatseekstosignificantlyrebalancetheplayingfieldforunion
TheHouseisexpectedtopassapieceoflegislationThursdaythatseekstosignificantlyrebalancetheplayingfieldforunion
TheHouseisexpectedtopassapieceoflegislationThursdaythatseekstosignificantlyrebalancetheplayingfieldforunion
随机试题
在保证凸轮轮廓曲线的最大压力角不超过许用值的前提下,可采用较小的基圆半径。()
能从本质上反映组织成员之间分工协作关系的是()
长期无保护地接触x线的最大不良反应是
A公司向B公司采购材料,收到B公司发来的材料,B公司开出的增值税发票注明的货款300000元,增值税51000元;该材料款A公司上月已预付了货款的50%,收料后一个月开出支票补付余款。A公司在收料时,应()元。
商业银行确立贷款意向后,业务人员向客户索取的贷款申请资料中必须包括其财务报表,下列有关收集财务报表的表述中,错误的是()。
关于小道消息的说法,错误的是()。
业主委员会换届选举后,原业主委员会应当在其任期届满之日起()日内将其保管的档案资料、印章及其他属于业主大会所有的财物移交新一届业主委员会,并做好交接手续。
某位老师在上生物课的时候,总是会让学生自己动手养一些小动物、小植物等,最终的考试成绩也以学生养的东西为标准,导致一些学生非常喜欢上生物课,不再觉得生物课枯燥无味,说明该老师具有()
A、 B、 C、 A
"Tear’emapart!""Killthefool!""Murderthereferee(裁判)!"Thesearecommonremarksonemayhearatvarioussportingevent
最新回复
(
0
)