首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
For over 30 years, Donald Kroodsma has worked to disclose such mysteries of bird communication. Through field studies and labora
For over 30 years, Donald Kroodsma has worked to disclose such mysteries of bird communication. Through field studies and labora
admin
2010-01-13
49
问题
For over 30 years, Donald Kroodsma has worked to disclose such mysteries of bird communication. Through field studies and laboratory experiments, he’s studied the ecological and social forces that may have contributed to the evolution of vocal learning. Kroodsma has paid particular attention to local variation in song types, known as dialects. The Black-capped Chickadees (Parus atricapillus)on Martha’s Vineyard, for example, have an entirely different song than their counterparts on the Massachusetts mainland, he says. Birds that live on the boundary between two dialects or that spend time in different areas can become "bilingual," learning the; songs of more than one group of neighbors. Recently, Kroodsma discovered that the Three-wattled Bellbird (Procnias tricarunculata) is constantly changing its song, creating what he calls a "rapid cultural evolution within each generation. "This kind of song evolution is found in whales but, up until now, rarely in birds.
A professor of biology at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Kroodsma is also co-editor of the book Ecology and Evolution of Acoustic Communication in Birds (Cornell University Press, 1996). Though he plans to continue his field studies, he says that one of his most important goals now is to help people understand how to listen to birdsong. "Many people can identify a Wood Thrush(Hylocichla mustelina)when they hear it. It’s one of the most beautiful songs in the world, "he says. "Little do they realize they could hear the things that Wood Thrush is communicating if they just knew how to listen." Next is an interview made between an amateur of bird songs(SA)and Donald Kroodsma.
SA: Can you make any comparison between how a baby bird learns to sing and how a young human learns to speak?
DK: On the surface, it’s remarkably similar. I often play a tape of my daughter, recorded when she was about a year and a half old. She is taking all the sounds she knows, "bow-wow, kitty, no, down” and randomly piecing them together in a nonsensical babbling sequence. Then I play a tape of a young bird and dissect what it’s doing in what we call its "subsong," and it’s exactly the same thing.
It’s taking all the sounds it has memorized, all the sounds it has been exposed to, and singing them in a random sequence. It looks like what the baby human and the baby bird are doing is identical. Some might say that’s a crass comparison, but it’s very intriguing.
SA: Why do the song repertoires(全部技能)and dialects of some birds vary from place to place?
DK: For the species of birds that do not learn their songs, I like to think of it simplistically as the song being encoded right in their DNA. With these birds, if we find differences in their songs from place to place, it means that the DNA has changed too, that the populations are genetically different.
But there are species in which the songs are not encoded in the DNA. Then we have something very similar to humans, in which speech is learned and varies from place to place. If you were raised in Germany, for example, you’d be speaking German rather than English with no change in your genes. So with the birds that learn their songs, you get these striking differences from place to place because the birds have learned the local dialect.
SA: How is this affected by whether a bird is nomadic?
DK: If you know the rest of your life you’re going to be speaking English, you work hard at learning English. But what if you know that you’ll be repeatedly thrown in with people speaking different languages from all over the world? You start to see the enormous challenge it would be to learn the language or dialect of all these different locations. So I think for nomadic birds like Sedge Wrens [Cistothorus platensis], because they are thrown together with different birds every few months from all over the geographic range, they don’t bother to imitate the songs of their immediate neighbors. They make up some kind of generalized song, or rather the instructions in their DNA allow them to improvise this very Sedge Wren-y song. Why should they imitate each other and all have the same songs? I wish I knew the answer to that.
Birds that live on the boundary between two dialects or that spend time in different areas, according to Donald Kroodsma, can become "bilingual," ______. Ⅰ. if they are living on the boundary between two dialects Ⅱ. when they move or stay in d
选项
A、I and II
B、II and III
C、I and III
D、III only
答案
A
解析
从本文第二段中Birds that live on the boundary between two dialects or that spend time in different areas can become“bilingual”定位。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/IVmi777K
0
在职申硕(同等学力)英语
相关试题推荐
Thenastylanguageoflocalofficialsmakesthemseemveryignorantandrude.
Thegeneraltopicofthepassageis______.Accordingtothepassage,Americanstendtoignoretherestoftheworldbecause____
Customers(areasked)toensurethatthey(havegiven)correctchangebefore(leaving)theshopasmistakescannotbe(afterward
InhiscomicstripDilbert,ScottAdams______Theword"ordeal"inParagraph3probablyrefersto______
Comparedwiththeircosmologist(宇宙学家)colleagues,cosmogonists(星源学家)cansoundalittleold-fashioned.EdgarAllenPoeturnedto
TheOlympicGamesattempttotranscendnationalinterestsandbringtogetherthebestinternationalathletesinaspiritoffrie
Suddenly,Gallup’snamewas(oneveryone’slips);notonly(hewas)theprophetofthemoment,(but)itwasgenerallybelievedt
Woman:I’mafraidthatJohnwillexpectmetohelphimwithhislatepaper.Man:Youshouldjusttellhimthatyou’renotgoi
Positivesurprisesfromgovernmentreportsonretailsales,industrialproduction,andhousinginthepastfewmonthsareleadin
Animportantpointinthedevelopmentofagovernmentalagencyisthecodificationofitscontrollingpractices.Thestudyofla
随机试题
偶可引起中毒性脑病0.4%.的病例可出现赫氏反应
男性,5岁。活动后右膝关节肿痛2天。查体:右膝关节肿大,压痛明显,肝、脾未触及。化验:血小板120×109/L,BT32秒,CT(试管法)18分钟。确诊应做的检查为
脑疝形成时,不可以
患者,男性,21岁,因再生障碍性贫血入院。查体:体温38℃,面色苍白,皮肤散在出血点。此病人须长时间静脉输入抗胸腺细胞球蛋白治疗。为保护及合理使用静脉,选择血管时应
用计时观察法测定时间消耗的诸多方法中,精确度较高的方法是()。【2010年真题】
下列各项中,根据企业会计制度,不应当建立备查账簿登记的是()。
根据《企业会计准则》规定,企业的会计期间划分为()。
2.某外商投资企业,2007年1月注册成立,当年亏损100万元,2008年亏损400万元,2009年亏损150万元,2010年经营所得200万元,2011年经营所得400万元。2012年该企业销售收入8000万元,销售成本3500万元,营业税金及附加6
某大学顾老师在回答有关招生问题时强调:“我们学校招收一部分免费师范生,也招收一部分一般师范生。一般师范生不同于免费师范生。没有免费师范生毕业时可以留在大城市工作,而一般师范生毕业时都可以选择留在大城市工作;任何非免费师范生毕业时都需要自谋职业,没有免费师范
•Readthearticleaboutpackagingandlabeling.•ChoosethebestwordtofilleachgapfromA,B,CorDthatfollow.•Forea
最新回复
(
0
)