首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Measures to combat infectious disease in tsarist Russia A In the second half of the seventeenth century, Russian authorities beg
Measures to combat infectious disease in tsarist Russia A In the second half of the seventeenth century, Russian authorities beg
admin
2015-01-05
48
问题
Measures to combat infectious disease in tsarist Russia
A In the second half of the seventeenth century, Russian authorities began implementing controls at the borders of their empire to prevent the importation of plague, a highly infectious and dangerous disease. Information on disease outbreak occurring abroad was regularly reported to the tsar’s court through various means, including commercial channels(travelling merchants), military personnel deployed abroad, undercover agents, the network of Imperial Foreign Office embassies and representations abroad, and the customs offices. For instance, the heads of customs offices were instructed to question foreigners entering Russia about possible epidemics of dangerous diseases in their respective countries.
B If news of an outbreak came from abroad, relations with the affected country were suspended. For instance, foreign vessels were not allowed to dock in Russian ports if there was credible information about the existence of epidemics in countries from whence they had departed. In addition, all foreigners entering Russia from those countries had to undergo quarantine. In 1665, after receiving news about a plague epidemic in England, Tsar Alexei wrote a letter to King Charles II in which he announced the cessation of Russian trade relations with England and other foreign states. These protective measures appeared to have been effective, as the country did not record any cases of plague during that year and in the next three decades. It was not until 1692 that another plague outbreak was recorded in the Russian province of Astrakhan. This epidemic continued for five months and killed 10,383 people, or about 65 percent of the city’s population. By the end of the seventeenth century, preventative measures had been widely introduced in Russia, including the isolation of persons ill with plague, the imposition of quarantines, and the distribution of explanatory public health notices about plague outbreaks.
C During the eighteenth century, although none of the occurrences was of the same scale as in the past, plague appeared in Russia several times. For instance, from 1703 to 1705, a plague outbreak that had ravaged Istanbul spread to the Podolsk and Kiev provinces in Russia, and then to Poland and Hungary. After defeating the Swedes in the battle of Poltava in 1709, Tsar Peter I(Peter the Great)dispatched part of his army to Poland, where plague had been raging for two years. Despite preventive measures, the disease spread among the Russian troops. In 1710, the plague reached Riga(then part of Sweden, now the capital of Latvia), where it was active until 1711 and claimed 60,000 lives. During this period, the Russians besieged Riga and, after the Swedes had surrendered the city in 1710, the Russian army lost 9,800 soldiers to the plague. Russian military chronicles of the time note that more soldiers died of the disease after the capture of Riga than from enemy fire during the siege of that city.
D Tsar Peter I imposed strict measures to prevent the spread of plague during these conflicts. Soldiers suspected of being infected were isolated and taken to areas far from military camps. In addition, camps were designed to separate divisions, detachments, and smaller units of soldiers. When plague reached Narva(located in present-day Estonia)and threatened to spread to St. Petersburg, the newly built capital of Russia, Tsar Peter I ordered the army to cordon off the entire boundary along the Luga River, including temporarily halting all activity on the river. In order to prevent the movement of people and goods from Narva to St. Petersburg and Novgorod, roadblocks and checkpoints were set up on all roads. The tsar’s orders were rigorously enforced, and those who disobeyed were hung.
E However, although the Russian authorities applied such methods to contain the spread of the disease and limit the number of victims, all of the measures had a provisional character: they were intended to respond to a specific outbreak, and were not designed as a coherent set of measures to be implemented systematically at the first sign of plague. The advent of such a standard response system came a few years later.
F The first attempts to organise procedures and carry out proactive steps to control plague date to the aftermath of the 1727—1728 epidemic in Astrakhan. In response to this, the Russian imperial authorities issued several decrees aimed at controlling the future spread of plague. Among these decrees, the ’Instructions for Governors and Heads of Townships’ required that all governors immediately inform the Senate—a government body created by Tsar Peter I in 1711 to advise the monarch—if plague cases were detected in their respective provinces. Furthermore, the decree required that governors ensure the physical examination of all persons suspected of carrying the disease and their subsequent isolation. In addition, it was ordered that sites where plague victims were found had to be encircled by checkpoints and isolated for the duration of the outbreak. These checkpoints were to remain operational for at least six weeks. The houses of infected persons were to be burned along with all of the personal property they contained, including farm animals and cattle. The governors were instructed to inform the neighbouring provinces and cities about every plague case occurring on their territories. Finally, letters brought by couriers were heated above a fire before being copied.
G The implementation by the authorities of these combined measures demonstrates their intuitive understanding of the importance of the timely isolation of infected people to limit the spread of plague.
Reading Passage 2 has SEVEN sections, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for sections A-F from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-viii.
List of Headings
i Outbreaks of plague as a result of military campaigns.
ii Systematic intelligence-gathering about external cases of plague.
iii Early forms of treatment for plague victims.
iv The general limitations of early Russian anti-plague measures.
v Partly successful bans against foreign states affected by plague.
vi Hostile reactions from foreign states to Russian anti-plague measures.
vii Various measures to limit outbreaks of plague associated with war.
viii The formulation and publication of preventive strategies.
Section F______
选项
答案
viii
解析
Section F shows how a coherent preventive strategy was developed for more systematic control of plaque.
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/IjNO777K
本试题收录于:
雅思阅读题库雅思(IELTS)分类
0
雅思阅读
雅思(IELTS)
相关试题推荐
Thedistinctionbetweenmakingartandthinkingandwritingaboutitshouldimplyneitheramutualexclusivenessnorahiera
A、ProvidespecificexamplesoftheproblemsinhistoriographyB、Describesomeofthecriteriaemployedindeterminingwhatmakes
Thedistinctionbetweenmakingartandthinkingandwritingaboutitshouldimplyneitheramutualexclusivenessnorahi
Ithasbeenchallengingformosttwentieth-centuryAmericanpolicy-makerstorecapturethememoryoftheearlyUnitedSta
Althoughsomescientists______thecredibilityoftheworkoftheirassistants,theyalso______theirexperimentaldata.
Theteacherhas______cateringtosomestudents,buttoretainhistenure,whicheffectsonlyafterateacherhasunanimouslygra
Akeyfeatureofquantuminformationscienceistheunderstandingthatgroupsoftwoormorequantumobjectscanhavesta
Akeyfeatureofquantuminformationscienceistheunderstandingthatgroupsoftwoormorequantumobjectscanhavesta
Relativismamountstothedenialofanobjectiveworldaboutwhichtrueandfalsestatementscanbemade;thereisnoabs
UntilAndrewlearnedto______astrictschedule,heseldommanagedtocompletehishomeworkinatimelymanner.
随机试题
状态转换方法目前主要有三种实现方法:____________、有色Petri-Net和语言/应用编程接口。
患者男,32岁。自小固执、学习不好就找老师的原因,不爱和别人交往,总爱猜疑别人,认为自己是最好的,对侮辱和伤害总耿耿于怀。最可能的诊断是
对首关消除描述正确的是
A、艾地苯醌B、石杉碱甲C、米氮平D、茴拉两坦E、银杏叶提取物缓解因胆碱神经功能缺陷所引起的记忆和认识功能障碍药物是
工程量清单应由()提供。
施工项目管理班子成员编制的施工项目成本计划如果达不到目标要求,则应(),并重新编制成本计划。【2010年考试真题】
2014年年初某企业“利润分配一未分配利润”科目借方余额20万元,2014年度该企业实现净利润为160万元,根据净利润的10%提取盈余公积,2014年年末该企业可供分配利润的金额为()万元。(2015年)
我国教育家陶行知认为幼儿教育应解放儿童的()。
Today’scollegestudentsaremorenarcissisticandself-centeredthantheirpredecessors,accordingtoacomprehensivenewstud
InAmericanbusinessmeetings,peopleareexpectedtoparticipateverbally(口头上).Orelseothersmaythinkthattheyareuninter
最新回复
(
0
)