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  3. Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A. D., the Byzantine Empire staged an almost unparalleled economic and cultural reviva

Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A. D., the Byzantine Empire staged an almost unparalleled economic and cultural reviva

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问题    Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A. D., the Byzantine Empire staged an almost unparalleled economic and cultural revival, a revival that is all the more striking because it followed a long period of severe internal decline. By the early eighth century, the empire had lost roughly 2/3 of the territory it had possessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times threatened to take Constantinople and extinguish the empire altogether. The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. By the early eleventh century, however, the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy had recovered. The treasury was full. And art and scholarship had advanced.
   To consider the Byzantine military, cultural and economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable. After all, these three forms or progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. Moreover, an examination of the apparent sequential connections among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change.
   The common explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would run like this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival. No doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at times during the course of the recovery. Yet it is not clear that military advances invariably came first, economic advances second, and intellectual advances third. In the 860’s the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so that by 862 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire’s favor. The beginning of the empire’s economic revival however can be placed between 810 and 830. Finally the Byzantine revival of learning appears to have begun even earlier. A number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and by last decade of the eighth century a cultural revival was in full bloom, a revival that last until the fall of Constinople in 1453. Thus the commonly expected order of military revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed in Byzantium. In fact the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion.  
What attitude do ethical commentators take towards experimentation with human cloning?
选项 A、hey believe that knowledge is more important than anything else.
B、The advised scientists to give up cloning.
C、They are more concerned with the moral features of science.
D、They support the new technology for its usefulness.
答案B
解析 第三段开始，作者给出了经济、军事和文化发展的一般模式，然后将这一套用到拜占庭帝国的复兴中，指出其不符合实际情况，然后又提出了自己的解释。B清楚地表达了本段的这一脉络。
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