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  3. Human societies have experienced so many wars, but have you ever thought about what a war really is? War may be a natural expres

Human societies have experienced so many wars, but have you ever thought about what a war really is? War may be a natural expres

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问题      Human societies have experienced so many wars, but have you ever thought about what a war really is? War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger hostility and territoriality are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate survival mechanism or an instinct for self-preservation that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But on the other hand human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression violence cannot be simply reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social function. It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been directed.
     The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The more developed a legal system becomes the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence and the state assumes responsibility for their protection.
     The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects the individual from violence the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state. In war the state affirms its supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combat to settle disputes between states, it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their commitment allegiance and supreme sacrifice. Times of war test a community’s deepest religious and ethical commitments.
What can we learn from the last paragraph?
选项 A、Governments tend to abuse their supreme power in times of war.
B、In times of war governments may extend their power across national borders.
C、In times of war governments impose high religious and ethical standards on their people.
D、Governments may sacrifice individuals in the interests of the state in times of war.
答案D
解析 主旨大意题。根据最后一段第一句：国家法制机构的另一面是国家的军事机构；倒数第二句：这个时候国家行使权力要求其公民表现出责任感、忠诚和献身精神。可见选项D最能概括该段的中心思想。选项A说政府可能滥用权力，与这一段内容相反；选项B认为战争期间政府的权力会跨越国界，与本段第三句所讲政府只能对本国的公民实施权力相悖；选项C在本段以及在全文中都没有提到。
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