首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
[A]The sort of faulty thinking called motivated reasoning also blocks our search for truth but advances arguments. For instance,
[A]The sort of faulty thinking called motivated reasoning also blocks our search for truth but advances arguments. For instance,
admin
2019-08-01
45
问题
[A]The sort of faulty thinking called motivated reasoning also blocks our search for truth but advances arguments. For instance, we tend to look harder for flaws in a study when we don’t agree with its conclusions and are more critical of evidence that undermines our point of view. So birthers dismiss evidence offered by Hawaiian officials that Obama’s birth certificate is real, and death-penalty foes are adept at finding flaws in studies that conclude capital punishment deters crime. While motivated reasoning may cloud our view of reality and keep us from objectively assessing evidence, Mercier says, by letting us to accept flaws(real or not)in that evidence it prepares us to mount a destroying strategy in arguments.
[B]Another form of flawed reasoning shows up in logic puzzles. Consider the syllogism "No C are B; all B are A; therefore some A are not C. " Is it true? Fewer than 10 percent of us figure out that it is. One reason is that to evaluate its validity requires constructing counterexamples(finding an A that is a C, for instance). But finding counterexamples can, in general, invent our confidence in our own arguments.
[C]Women are bad drivers, Saddam plotted 9-11, Obama was not born in America, and Iraq had weapons of mass destruction: to believe any of these requires stopping some of our critical-thinking faculties and succumbing instead to the kind of irrationality that drives the logically minded crazy. It helps, for instance, to use confirmation bias. It also helps not to test your beliefs against empirical data; not to subject beliefs to the plausibility test; and to be guided by emotion.
[D]Even the sunk-cost fallacy, which has tripped up everyone from supporters of a losing war to a losing stock, reflects reasoning that turns its back on logic but wins arguments because the emotions it appeals to are universal. If Mercier is right, the sunk-cost fallacy, confirmation bias, and the other forms of irrationality will be with us as long as humans like to argue. That is, forever.
[E]An idea sweeping through the ranks of philosophers and cognitive scientists suggests why this is so. The reason we succumb to confirmation bias, why we are blind to counterexamples, and why we fall short of Cartesian logic in so many other ways is that these oversights have a purpose: they help us " invent and evaluate arguments that are intended to persuade other people," says psychologist Hugo Mercier of the University of Pennsylvania. Failures of logic, he propose, are in fact effective arms to win arguments. That puts poor reasoning in a completely different light. Arguing, after all, is less about seeking truth than about overcoming opposing views. So while confirmation bias, for instance, may mislead us about what’s true and real, by letting examples that support our view monopolize our memory and perception, it maximizes the arms we use when trying to convince someone that, say, he really is "late all the time. "
[F]Forms of reasoning that are good for solving problems and winning arguments lose out, over the course of evolution. In fact, rationality refers to the success of goal attainment, whatever those goals may be. Sometimes, rationality is equated with behavior that is self-interested to the point of being selfish. Sometimes rationality implies having complete knowledge about all the details of a given situation.
[G]The fact that humans are subject to all these failures of rational thought seems to make no sense. Reason is supposed to be the highest achievement of the human mind, and the route to knowledge and wise decisions. But as psychologists have been documenting since the 1960s, humans are really, really bad at reasoning. It’s not just that we follow our emotions so often, in contexts from voting to ethics. No, even when we intend to deploy the full force of our rational faculties, we often failed.
Order:
选项
答案
D
解析
上文提到有一种被称作动机性推理的错误思考同样阻碍着我们寻求真理,但是却促进了争辩,并且举例进行说明。在剩下的[D]项和[F]项中,[D]项讨论的是理性思考背离逻辑但是赢得了争辩,和上文可以顺利衔接,并且最后指出:只要人类还愿意争辩,沉没成本谬论、证实性偏见以及其他形式的非理性思考会一直伴随着人类,直到永远。也符合文章的结尾,因此[D]项正确。[F]项提到Forms of reasoning,但是后面一直在定义理性(rationality),因此可以排除。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/JB2Z777K
0
考研英语一
相关试题推荐
Zoe,yourcurrentcolleagues,isleavingforanewpositionatadifferentcompany.Writealettertocongratulateheronthene
Retrofittinghousestouselessenergyshouldbeano-brainerforhomeowners.【C1】______time,moneyspentonwaystoreduceheat
FormonthsTwitter,themicro-bloggingservice,hasreceivedthekindoffreeattentionofwhichmostcompaniescanonlydream.
FormonthsTwitter,themicro-bloggingservice,hasreceivedthekindoffreeattentionofwhichmostcompaniescanonlydream.
Whenmymother’shealthwasfailing,Iwasthe"bad"sisterwholivedfarawayandwasn’tinvolved.Mysisterhelpedmyparents.
Americanpresidentsseemtoagebeforeoureyes.Butthecommonbeliefthathigh-officestressgraysourleadersfasterthan【C1】
Textinghaslongbeenlamentedasthedownfallofthewrittenword,"penmanshipforilliterates,"asonecriticcalledit.Towh
Textinghaslongbeenlamentedasthedownfallofthewrittenword,"penmanshipforilliterates,"asonecriticcalledit.Towh
Hewaspunished______heshouldmakethesamemistakeagain.
随机试题
顾客忠诚度的评价标准有()
洪秀全编写的具有朴素平等观念的著作是()
A.通过毛细血管吸收B.通过毛细淋巴管吸收C.两者兼有D.两者均无(1990年)脂肪分解产物的吸收途径
Y注册会计师负责对X公司20×7年度财务报表进行审计。相关资料如下:资料一:X公司主要从事A产品的生产和销售,无明显产销淡旺季。产品销售采用赊销方式,正常信用期为20天。在A产品生产成本中,A原材料成本占重大比重。A原材料在20×7年的年初、年末库存均
一个物体的三视图如图所示,该物体是().
山西省教育厅就山西财经大学向其呈送的《关于办学规模和专业设置的请示》进行了批复。以下标题的写法,正确的是()。
请用“洪水”“汽油”“神十”“小偷”这几个词语编一个故事。
设A为实矩阵,证明ATA的特征值都是非负实数.
根据《计算机软件质量保证计划规范》(GB/T12504—1990),基本文档最小集可不包括(1)。(2)是在软件发布前,要对软件进行检查,以确认已满足在软件规格说明书中规定的所有需求。(2)
A、 B、 C、 B由“格林太太昨天为大卫买了一条裤子。”可知图B与句意相符。关键词为trousers。
最新回复
(
0
)