2. 外语
  3. For sometime past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to "r

For sometime past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to "r

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问题     For sometime past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, no otherwise.
    It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
    Papousek began his studies by using milk in normal way to" reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights—and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
    Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
选项 A、will satisfy their curiosity
B、will meet their physical needs
C、are directly related to pleasure
D、will bring them a feeling of success
答案D
解析 根据作者的观点，婴儿学做：A.“能满足他们的好奇心的事”；B.“满足他们身体需求的事”；C.“是直接关联乐趣的事”；D.“能使他们有成功感的事。”此题若不看下文，就可能会选B。因为作者在第一段提到：只有给孩子们食物、饮料或身体上的安抚，婴儿们才会学着做些动作。但是在第二段作者马上又说，现在清楚了其实并非如此。除非他们能得到成功结果的回报，否则不会学着做什么事情。因此D为正确答案。
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