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  3. Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from【31】______praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativit

Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from【31】______praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativit

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问题     Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from【31】______praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, 【32】______research the relation【33】______actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain【34】______rewards often destroy creativity【35】______encouraging dependence【36】______approval and gifts from others.
    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially【37】______educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks【38】______in grade-school children, suggesting【39】______properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, 【40】______to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology "If kids know they’re working for a【41】______and can focus【42】______a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity" , says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for【43】______performance or creating too【44】______anticipation for rewards. "
    A teacher【45】______continually draws attention to rewards or who hands【46】______high grades for ordinary achievement ends up【47】______discouraged students, Eisenberger holds.【48】______an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing【49】In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in【50】______students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
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