首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientists have devoted lifetimes studying the drives that s
The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientists have devoted lifetimes studying the drives that s
admin
2018-05-11
32
问题
The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientists have devoted lifetimes studying the drives that spur us out of bed in the morning, compel us to work or study hard and spark all manner of human endeavors. Indeed, a 1992 textbook actually documents 32 distinct theories of human motivation.
Given this diversity of thought, it’s easy to forget that for half a century, American society has been dominated by the psychological school known as behaviorism, or Skinnerian psychology. Although behaviorism and its fundamental principle of "positive reinforcement" have long since lost their sway in academic circles, the Skinnerian legacy remains powerful in every realm of daily life, from the home and classroom to the workplace. Don’t want to take the trash out? Do it, and you can go to the movies Friday night. Not in the mood for work? Keep plugging away, and you might get a bonus. Not interested in calculus? Strive for an A in the class, and you’ll make the honor roll. The theory may be bankrupt, but incentives and rewards are so much a part of American culture that it’s hard to imagine life without them.
Yet that’s exactly what a growing group of researchers are advocating today. A steady stream of research has found that rather than encouraging motivation and productivity, rewards actually can undermine genuine interest and diminish performance. "Our society is caught in a whopping paradox," asserts Alfie Kohn, author of the new book Punished by Rewards (Houghton Mifflin), which surveys recent research on the effectiveness of rewards. "We complain loudly about declining productivity, the crisis of our school and the distorted values of our children. But the very strategy we use to solve those problems—dangling rewards like incentive plans and grade and candy bars in front of people—is partly responsible for the fix we’re in."
It’s tough argument to make in a culture that celebrates the spoils of success. Yet study after study shows that people tend to perform worse, to give up more easily and to lose interest more quickly when a reward is involved. Children who are given treats for doing artwork, for example, lose their initial love of art within weeks. Teenagers who are promised a reward for tutoring youngsters don’t teach as enthusiastically as tutors offered nothing. And chief executive officers who have been awarded long-term incentive plans have often steered their companies toward lower returns.
Which of the following statements is in support of the finding that "people tend to perform worse... when a reward is involved" (in the last paragraph)?
选项
A、People are not used to being conditioned by prizes.
B、Rewards are attempts to control behavior.
C、Rewards are indispensable to American culture.
D、The principle of "positive reinforcement" is not fully enforced.
答案
B
解析
该句意思是说“当涉及奖励的时候,人们更容易表现不佳,更容易轻易放弃,更容易失去兴趣”,而下文举的例子也说明了一旦涉及奖励,人们往往容易被奖励所控制,而忽视了个人本身的内在动力力量。四个选项中只有B“奖励是诱惑,它控制着人的行为”可以支持这一说法。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/JlT7777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
A、Failureinreadingmedicinedirections.B、Incapabilityoftakingcareofchildren.C、Brokenfamilyrelationship.D、Reluctance
A、Itscreatorpublishedshortstoriesinnewspapersforyears.B、Itspreadacrossthecountrywiththecommonname.C、Manypeopl
A、Hewassurelyunderhugepressure.B、Thecafewasnotoneofhisgreatestachievements.C、Hedidalmostnothingsignificant.D
A、Personalinstincts.B、Behavioralchanges.C、Conversationvideos.D、Psychologicalresearches.BBrinke博士的调查指出,运用一些客观、有理有据的生理和行为变
A、Toattendnewschools.B、Totakenotesontabletsinclass.C、Tousetechnologiestospeeduphandwriting.D、Totakenoteson
A、Itdisturbsthelocalpeoplewithnoises.B、Itcausesthedamageonthepavement.C、Itstopspeopleandcarsmovingfreely.D、
A、Tomaketheworldabetterplace.B、Towinthepresidency.C、Tobeaneducatedperson.D、Toupsetmorecelebratedrivals.A录音中
A、Ratherdifficulttoplease.B、Rudetowomendrivers.C、Talkativeandgenerouswithtips.D、Differentinpersonality.D①形容词选项,多
A、Theymayknownothingabouttheworld.B、Theymayhavelittleholidayspirit.C、Theymaybeextremelyinterestedintravelling
A、Nothingbutthebonesoftheswanshasbeenfound.B、ThefirstremainsofaswanturnedupjustbeforeChristmas.C、Stealings
随机试题
下列不能认定为自首的是()。
(2012年4月)法人属人法主要应适用于以下事项:(1)法人的成立和法人的性质;(2)法人的权利能力;_____;_____;(5)法人的合并或分立对前法人债务的继承问题等。
A.鳞癌B.腺癌C.小细胞癌D.大细胞癌E.鳞腺癌
关于中国古代法律历史地位的表述,下列哪一选项是正确的?(卷一/2012年第18题)
历史文化名城保护规划应建立()
保荐人应当对上市公司募集资金管理事项进行持续督导,上市公司应当在募集资金到账后( )内与保荐人、存放募集资金的商业银行签订募集资金专户存储三方监管协议。
组织实施职业生涯管理对组织的重要性表现在( )。
甲公司2×15年的财务报告于2×16年3月31日批准对外报出。甲公司一项无担保借款合同于2×15年10月30日到期,本息合计620万元,到期日尚未偿还,银行对其提起诉讼,要求甲公司偿还该借款并支付罚息10万元,至年末法院尚未判决;甲公司基本确定己方将败诉。
下图是2016年前五个月某派出所辖区行业场所发案数量统计图。从图中所反映情况看,派出所下一步应优先收集下列哪一个行业场所信息()。
TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)wassetupon7thApril1948,adatethatisnowcelebratedeveryyearasWorldHealthDay.T
最新回复
(
0
)