首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The Survival of English I . 410 CE to the mid-eighth century —King Vortigern invited【T1】______ mercenaries for defence【T1】_____
The Survival of English I . 410 CE to the mid-eighth century —King Vortigern invited【T1】______ mercenaries for defence【T1】_____
admin
2018-04-10
57
问题
The Survival of English
I . 410 CE to the mid-eighth century
—King Vortigern invited【T1】______ mercenaries for defence【T1】______
—Angle and Saxon clans called their language Englisc
II. Mid-eighth century to 899
—the Danes【T2】______ all the Anglo-Saxon areas【T2】______
—few【T3】______ English-speaking people remained【T3】______
—Alfred forced the Danes back
—Alfred’s measures:
a. reviving the language through【T4】______【T4】______
b. calling for people who could read or write
—Alfred’s contribution
—most of the existing laws, poems,【T5】______ and stories were【T5】______
in the West Saxon
Ⅲ. 959 to 1066
—Canute and Edmund divided the country into【T6】______ and【T6】______
English-speaking areas
—Edmund died; Canute became King of【T7】______ in 1018【T7】______
—English remained【T8】______ : sermons and laws【T8】______
—in 1066, the French-speaking Normans conquered England
—Norman French; the only language of literature, law, and
【T9】______【T9】______
—English: the language of the brutally oppressed【T10】______【T10】______
IV. 1080 to the seventeenth century
—in 1258, the first public document in English showed up:
—the【T11】______ French-English "Provisions of Oxford"【T11】______
—in the fourteenth century, English【T12】______ as a legal and【T12】______
literary language
—【T13】______ arrived in the seventeenth century【T13】______
V. 1837 to today
—the【T14】______ of the British Empire in the nineteenth century:【T14】______
—English was used widely
—today:
—English is global in use:
—the computer, the World Wide Web and【T15】______【T15】______
【T15】
The Survival of English
Good morning. Twice in its history, English came very close to joining the list of dead languages. Yet, this language of a small island not only survived, but lived to be spoken by an estimated 1.5 billion people in the 21st century. Today we shall have a look at how English escaped its extinction.
Death is a common fate of unwritten languages. But written records of the languages spoken on the island of Britain show us how the English language became the language of the island and how it survived. We now turn to those written records.
There are five critical periods in the survival of the English language.
1) 410 CE to the mid-eighth century
Early in the fifth century, Rome recalled its legions and told the Britons to defend themselves. Rich, unprotected, and attacked from all sides, (1) King Vortigern on the east coast invited Germanic mercenaries to cross the channel to defend him against his enemies within and without. These mercenaries, mostly Angle and Saxon clans of Germanic peoples, called their language "Englisc" (pronounced "Anglish").
The language of the Germanic mercenaries became the language of the conquered area. From the seventh through the mid-eighth century York in Northumbria, famed for its schools and for its literary productions, was the center of the English-speaking world.
2) Mid-eighth century to 899
By the mid 700’s, the Anglo-Saxons were on the receiving end of slaughter and ruined by Danish armies. (2) The Danes overran all the Anglo-Saxon areas, including Northumbria, the heartland of literacy in Anglo-Saxon England. Wessex, ruled by Alfred the Great, remained the only area still controlled by English speakers. The Danes were neither united nor had a united command; Alfred did. Eventually, Alfred forced the Danes back. Danish Northumbria submitted to Alfred in 886.
(3) After a century and more of death and destruction, very few literate English-speaking people remained. (4) Alfred set out to revive the language through education and writing. In 891 he sent out a call for anybody who could read or write. Outside of his personal staff, the handwriting of only eight new people appeared in the earliest records. The center of literary production shifted from York in Northumbria to Winchester in Wessex.
(5) Due to Alfred’s education programs, most of the existing laws, poems, songs and stories were in the West Saxon, dialect of his Wessex. Alfred died in 899.
3) 959 to 1066
In 959, King Edgar, the great-grandson of Alfred, ruled both Danes and Saxons in England. The incompetent King Ethelred the Unready succeeded Edgar. He could not control the Danes. More Danes invaded; civil war followed. This second time, violent battles ended in a tie. (6) The Danish leader, Canute, and Saxon King-elect, Edmund Ironsides, divided the country into Danish and English speaking areas. Canute and Edmund made a compromise that a united kingdom went to whoever survived the other. Two years later, Edmund died; (7) Canute became King of all England in 1018. With Canute, the center of literary production moved to London. (8) English remained a written language, at least for sermons and laws.
Widower Canute wedded Emma, daughter of the Duke of Normandy. She was the mother of Edward, who became king after Canute’s heir. Raised in Normandy, Edward preferred the French. In 1066, the French-speaking Normans conquered England. (9) Norman French, based in London, became the only language of literature, law, and court. This third time, (10) English became the language of the brutally oppressed illiterate. The language again seemed heading for extinction.
4) 1080 to the seventeenth century
After 1080, only a few written documents in English appeared: a last chronicle entry in 1134; a manual for religious women from around 1200. During the twelfth and most of the thirteenth centuries, we have no written records of English laws, poetry, songs, or stories. (11) In 1258 the bilingual French-English "Provisions of Oxford" , granting some rights to barons, showed up as the first public document in English.
(12) In the fourteenth century the English language resurfaced as a legal and literary language. Orally transmitted English poetry was preserved in written form in the Auchinleck Manuscript from 1325 to 1330. In 1344 the first petition in English appeared. In the last quarter of the century, Chaucer wrote his works, including The Canterbury Tales, in English. During this same period, John Wycliffe translated the Bible into English, the language of the common people.
In the fifteenth century, English gave further signs of renewed life. In 1413, King Henry IV wrote the first royal will in English. Religious plays were in English. By the late sixteenth century, we see the flowering of English theater with Shakespeare and Marlowe and Jonson. (13) Modern English arrived in the seventeenth century. The English language won this "Battle of Britain".
5) 1837 to today
In the nineteenth century, the British Empire was in the English language. (14) By the twentieth century, the empire had brought areas where is now India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Africa, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Bermuda under imperial rule. English, of course, was also the language of the United States. The United States did its part to spread the language to the Philippines and Samoa. (15) There is, however, a substantial difference between the wide-spread, yet irregular, distribution of English in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and today. The difference is the computer, the World Wide Web, and rapid communication.
Today, not surprisingly, the English language is global in use. English-speakers built the first electronic computing machines during World War II, which heralded the computer age. Years later, the technology that created the Internet and the World Wide Web is primarily the product of speakers and writers of the English language. Instruction manuals and technical documents, as well as printers, keyboards, and monitors are for users of English.
OK. Today we have learned the five critical periods of English language. Although other languages across history reached the corners of their then known world, the English language survived near extinction; its written records now endlessly circle the entire world.
So much for today. Thank you for your attention.
选项
答案
rapid communication
解析
根据句(15)可知,现在的英语与19世纪到20世纪初期广泛却无规律的英语分布有本质的区别,这个区别就是电脑,互联网以及快捷的沟通。因此答案为rapid communication。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/KLoK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
(1)SinceWorldWarIItheFrenchhavebeenvariouslysurprised,dismayed,irritatedandoutragedbythepowerofAmericancultur
(1)OscarWildesaidthatworkistherefugeofpeoplewhohavenothingbettertodo.Ifso,Americansarenowamongtheworld’s
CulturalDifferencesbetweenEastandWestI.FactorsleadingtotheculturaldifferencesA.Differentculture【T1】______【T1】___
ThingstobeTaughtinEverySchoolI.Introduction:Importanceofstudents’abilitytodealwiththerealworld.A.Speaker’so
A、Askingasfewquestionsaspossible.B、Beingconfidenttotakecharge.C、Stressingyourqualificationandeducationbackground
“人们的生活越来越富裕,但却远不如以前那样快乐了”,这个现象似乎早已成为现代生活永恒的矛盾之一。一个可能的答案就潜藏在我们的心理因素中,即如何才能够满足。我们对于地位、财富的需求从来都不是孤立定位的,而是在与参照组——通常是那些我们自认为与其地位相当的人—
A、Practical.B、Conventional.C、Novel.D、Unrealistic.DDr.Adams建议人们应该设立实际可行的目标(realisticandattainablegoals),然后就说有人有疯狂的想法——30天学
A、Fishing.B、Filmfestival.C、Suntan.D、Shopping.C题目询问对话双方将花最多时间在什么上,对于这类需要比较才能得出答案的问题,一定要做好笔记。他们在钓鱼上花的时间相对较少,参观电影节需1天,晒太阳花4天,购
A、Thegolfcourse.B、Theoutdoorsports.C、Theoutdoorenvironment.D、Thelandscape.C第二部分的对话一开始男士就说到他想要一些新鲜空气和绿色植物,接着提到了高尔夫球场以及
A、Qualified.B、Questionable.C、Unsuitable.D、Apathetic.A本题设题点在观点态度处。根据句(7)可知,面试者认为求职者表现得非常好,正是他们想要的人,因此[A]为正确答案。
随机试题
有关肩关节周围炎的描述,正确的是
下列关于boolean类型的叙述中,正确的是()。
甲资产评估机构接受乙公司委托,对某一项目组进行价值评估,双方确定采用收益法进行评估,有关资料如下:①本企业所得税税率为25%;②未来3年该资产的预期的税前利润分别为:2000万元、2100万元、2150万元,从第4年开始预计220
某公司董事长通过贩卖“零风险、高收益”的私募概念,向社会不特定公众720余人吸收资金1.8亿元人民币,被法院以集资诈骗罪和非法经营罪判处无期徒刑。根据本题案例描述,这家公司的()做法违反了规定。Ⅰ.贩卖“零风险、高收益”的私募概念
足部胰腺反射区触及块状物,提示胰功能失调。()
患儿,女,1岁,生后3个月起青紫渐加重,活动后气急,查体:生长发育明显落后,口唇、鼻尖、耳垂、指/趾青紫明显,伴杵状指趾,胸骨左缘闻及Ⅲ级收缩期杂音,肺动脉第二心音减弱。患儿第二天晨起吃奶时出现阵发性呼吸困难、烦躁和青紫加重,出现昏厥,其原因是
患儿男,12岁,自幼发现心脏杂音,平素易感冒。查体发现胸骨左缘第2肋间收缩期轻震颤及杂音,UCG提示降主动脉及肺动脉之间可见分流。此时最可能之诊断为
从所给的四个选项中,选择最合适的一个填入问号处,使之呈现一定的规律性。()
下列历史事件按时间先后顺序,正确的是()。
Wecanexperiencestressanytimewefeelwedon’thave【B1】______.Itcancomefromafeelingthatwecan’tdoanythingabout.
最新回复
(
0
)