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  3. Ronald P. Rohner of the University of Connecticut has spent some years looking at the consequences for children and teenagers of

Ronald P. Rohner of the University of Connecticut has spent some years looking at the consequences for children and teenagers of

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问题     Ronald P. Rohner of the University of Connecticut has spent some years looking at the consequences for children and teenagers of being either accepted or rejected by their parents. He thinks that parental acceptance influences important aspects of personality. Children who are accepted by their parents are independent and emotionally stable, have strong self-esteem and hold a positive worldview. Those who feel they were rejected show the opposite—hostility, feelings of inadequacy, instability and a negative worldview.
    Rohner and his assistant Hillary Allen analyzed data from 36 studies on parental acceptance and rejection and found that they supported his theory. Acceptance both by mother and father was associated with these personality characteristics: A father’s love and acceptance are, in this regard, at least as important as a mother’s love and acceptance. That is not necessarily good news for fathers—it increases the demands on them to get this right. "The great emphasis on mothers and mothering in America has led to an inappropriate tendency to blame mothers for children’s behavior problems and maladjustment when, in fact, fathers are often more implicated than mothers in the development of problems such as these," Allen says.
    Empathy is another characteristic that we hope teenagers will develop, and fathers seem to have a surprisingly important role here, too. Richard Koestner, a psychologist at McGill University, looked back at 75 men and women who had been part of a study at Yale University in the 1950s, when they were children. When Koestner and his colleagues examined all the factors in the children’s lives that might have affected how empathetic they became as adults, one factor dwarfed all others—how much time their fathers spent with them. "We were amazed to find that how affectionate parents were with their children made no difference in empathy," Koestner says. "And we were astounded at how strong the father’s influence was."
    Melanie Horn Mailers, a psychologist at California State University, also found that sons who have fond memories of their fathers were more able to handle the day-to-day stresses of adulthood. Around the same time, a team at the University of Toronto put adults in a functional MRI scanner to assess their reactions to their parents’ faces. Mothers’ faces triggered off more activity in several parts of the brain, including some associated with face processing. The faces of fathers, in contrast, triggered off activity in the caudate, a structure associated with feelings of love.
    The evidence shows that fathers make unique contributions to their children. It definitely does not show that children in families without fathers in the home are doomed to failure or anything close to that. Although fathers matter, others can help fill that role. We all know children who grew up in difficult circumstances but now live rich and rewarding lives. Not all of them grow up to be the president of the United States, but Barack Obama is an example of what can be achieved by a child who grew up without a father but managed to overcome it.
    Fatherhood is about helping children become happy and healthy adults, at ease in the world, and prepared to become fathers (or mothers) themselves. We often say that doing what is best for our kids is the most important thing we do. The new attention to fathers should help all of us find our way.
   
选项
答案F
解析 第三段首句是该段的主题句，该句指出父亲对培养孩子的同情心起到重要作用，下文Richard Koestner的研究也证明了这一点，末尾更提到，父亲对其同情心的影响又令他感到震惊，F项所述与此相符。
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