In cognitive psychology, studies of learning strategies with first language learners have concentrated on determining the effec

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问题     In cognitive psychology, studies of learning strategies with first language
learners have concentrated on determining the effects of strategy training on
different kinds of tasks and learners. Findings from these studies generally
indicated that strategy training is effective in improving the performance of
students on wide range of reading comprehension and problem-solving tasks. (1)______
One of the more important outcome of these psychological studies was the (2)______
formulation of learning strategies in an information-processing theoretical
model.This model contains an executive, or metacognitive, function in addi
tion with an operative, or cognitive-processing, function. Metacognitive (3)______
strategies involve in thinking about the learning process, planning for learn- (4)______
ing, monitoring of comprehension or production while it is taken place, (5)______
or self-evaluation after the learning activity has been completed. Cognitive (6)______
strategies are more directly related to individual learning tasks and entail
directly manipulation or transformation of the learning materials. A third (7)______
type of learning strategy identifying in the literature on cognitive psychology (8)______
concern the influence of social and affective processes on learning. Examples (9)______
of social/affective strategies are cooperative learning, where involves peer (10)______
interaction to achieve a common goal in learning, and asking questions for
clarification. Research in metacognitive and cognitive learning strategies sug
gests that transfer of strategy training to new tasks can be maximized by pai
ring metacognitive strategies with appropriate cognitive strategies.

选项

答案directly—direct

解析 词性错误。manipulation or transformation是名词,前面应该用形容词修饰,应用direct,不能用副词directly。解题时不要受前文的影响,前文中的directly是副词,修饰动词related,这两者不是并列结构。
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