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  3. The most consistently identified teacher effectiveness variable is time on task. That is, the more time that students spend on

The most consistently identified teacher effectiveness variable is time on task. That is, the more time that students spend on

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问题     The most consistently identified teacher effectiveness
variable is time on task. That is, the more time that students spend
on learning specific academic content, the better they will learn it.
Distinction is made between allocated time on task(the time that
teachers allocate to particular instructional activities)and engaged
time on task(the time that students actually spend engaged in
instruction). Because no consistent relation has been seen between【M1】______
allocated time on task and academic achievement, research has
demonstrated that engaged time on task is positive related to【M2】______
academic achievement.
    Strategies for maximizing engaged time on task have been
identified and included effectively managing transitions, avoiding【M3】______
digressions and other irrelevant verbalizations, and manage【M4】______
classroom behavior. Sometimes, teachers can improve
student-engaged time on task by examining the amount of
allocated time for class and monitoring their own teacher
behaviors more closely. For example, teachers may find that they
start classes 5 minutes late, end classes 5 minutes early, stop
during the middle of class to search for relevant instructional
materials, and stop to manage appropriate classroom behaviors.【M5】______
Once such target areas are identified, teachers can design strategies
to improve each area that will lead in increasing the amount of【M6】______
student-engaged time on task during classes.
    Effective teacher presentations have also been identified.
Teachers minimize achievement when their presentations contain【M7】______
elements as structure of lesson, clarity of teacher presentation,【M8】______
redundancy in emphasizing important concepts, and enthusiasm.
Structure includes listing students’ attention, providing a lesson【M9】______
overview that includes lesson objectives, providing outlines of the
lesson and to indicating when transitional points occur, and【M10】______
summarizing and reviewing key points as the lesson proceeds.
【M3】
选项
答案included—include
解析 语法错误。此处考查时态的运用。根据上下文，这里include(包括)应该和have beenidentified(已经确定)作并列谓语。include的动作是一个可重复、一般性的动作，所以应该用一般现在时。其主语是strategies，所以要将其分词形式改为动词原形，作句子的谓语。
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