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  3. Equitable Access; the Key to Healthy Urbanization Rapidly growing cities are finding it increasingly difficult to provide the

Equitable Access; the Key to Healthy Urbanization Rapidly growing cities are finding it increasingly difficult to provide the

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问题    Equitable Access; the Key to Healthy Urbanization
   Rapidly growing cities are finding it increasingly difficult to provide their residents with core services such as housing, water, energy and transportation—a challenge that is exacerbated as the population of poor people living in urban areas grows in the world.
   More than 880 million people live in slums and, for millions of under-served urban dwellers, the lack of access to core services undermines economic productivity, challenges them to fend for themselves in inefficient and costly ways and risks polluting the environment.
   Global housing deficit is definitely a major issue. It is a well-recognized problem that there is a lack of affordable, adequate and secure housing in well-located urban areas. However, over the next 10 years, this gap is estimated to increase by about one-third, disproportionately affecting women, children and ethnic minorities.
   Given the scale of the challenge and the variability across geographies, it is important that we seek beyond traditional solutions. In its report, "Towards a More Equal City" , the World Resources Institute examines whether prioritizing access to core urban services will create cities that are prosperous and sustainable for all people and outlines three potential approaches to tackling the housing challenge:
   To address the growth of under-serviced and sub-standard housing, disconnected from livelihood possibilities, decision-makers should recognize in situ (in the original place) participatory upgrading— like that of Thailand’s Baan Mankong program—as the optimal solution, except when there are location-based risks.
   Policies at all levels often overemphasize homeownership to the detriment of residents in the informal sector. Instead, cities should consider policies that recognize and encourage rental housing for people of all income groups.
   There are many instances of inappropriate land policies and regulations that push the poor out of the city. Incentivizing the conversion of underutilized land and allowing for incremental development can help make use of existing urban land and give traditionally marginalized groups well-located homes.
   The housing issue never stands alone. Sustainable mobility helps create a more accessible city for all, especially when motorization is on the rise worldwide. Transport and land use planning need to be integrated and to enable better access for all people to goods and services like education, jobs and healthcare. Often social housing is offered by cities on the outskirts of cities due to lower land prices there and lead to further inequality of the urban poor. Often the share of cost for transportation is up to 30 percent of the income. Solutions like more inclusive transit-oriented development—a combined planning of new rapid transit solution and dense development around stations—are ways to improve the situation.
   In the process of urbanization, China needs to focus more on equitable access to core services, including affordable housing and transportation, and achieve economic prosperity and environmental sus-tainability for all people.
选项
答案 平等参与：城镇化健康发展的关键 在高速发展的城市，为居民提供住房、水、能源和交通等基本服务变得越来越困难，而全球城镇贫困人口的增长进一步加剧了这一挑战。 全球超过8．8亿人生活在贫民窟，这些数以亿计的城市弱势居民享受不到基本服务，削弱了他们自身的谋生能力，这不仅迫使他们以低效且成本高昂的方式生存，而且还产生了污染环境的风险。 全球范围的住房短缺绝对是个重要问题。众所周知，地理位置优越的城镇缺乏足够数量的经济、舒适且安全的住房。而且，在未来10年，这种供需差距预计还将扩大约三分之一，对妇女、儿童和少数民族都会产生严重影响。 鉴于这项挑战非常艰巨且存在地域差异，寻求传统方式之外的解决方案至关重要。在名为《构建更加公平的城市》的报告中，世界资源研究所研究了为居民优先提供基本城市服务是否能建成人人共享、繁荣、可持续发展的城市的问题，并概述了应对住房危机的三种可能方法： 为解决公共设施不足、不达标住宅增加的问题，决策者应将以参与式的就地升级改造——比如泰国的“曼康之家”住房项目——作为最优方案，除非该位置本身存在危险。 不同层面的政策往往都过分强调住房所有权，因而损害了在非正规部门就业的城镇居民利益。相反，每个城市都应考虑推出认可且支持为所有收入阶层的居民提供租房服务的政策。 因土地政策和法规不当而将贫困人口挤出城市的例子比比皆是。鼓励未充分利用的城市土地改造，推动土地的增量式开发，有助于充分利用城市的现有土地资源，为传统意义上的边缘群体提供地段优良的住房。 住房问题从来都不是孤立存在的。可持续交通有助于创建一个人人可享受更加便利的交通服务的城市，特别是在全世界机动化水平逐渐提高的情况下。交通和土地利用规划需整合，以便每个人都能更好地享受教育、就业和医疗保健等商品和服务。通常，因土地价格较低，城市提供的公益住房往往位于城市郊区，这进一步加剧了城市贫困人口的不平等状况。一般情况下，交通费在收人中的占比就高达30％。诸如公共交通导向型的发展模式能够改善这种情况，这种发展模式包容性更强，并对新快速交通系统和站点周边密集开发进行整合规划。 城市化进程中，中国需要着重关注人们公平享受基本服务的权力，包括保障性住房和交通等服务，才能建成人人共享、经济繁荣、环境可持续发展的城市。
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