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  3. As overfishing destabilizes marine ecosystems around the world, fisheries are finding themselves in rough waters. Data from the

As overfishing destabilizes marine ecosystems around the world, fisheries are finding themselves in rough waters. Data from the

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问题     As overfishing destabilizes marine ecosystems around the world, fisheries are finding themselves in rough waters. Data from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)indicate that 30 percent of all fish stocks are now overexploited(beyond their maximum sustainable limits)and an additional 50 percent are fully exploited(at or close to those limits). Their erosion and eventual collapse would pose an economic threat not only to fishers but also to everyone else whose livelihood depends on fisheries, which(according to the FAO)provide employment for 180 million people and account for a significant part of the animal protein consumed globally, particularly in developing countries. With 2008 exports that some experts estimate at more than $85 billion, fish and fishery products rank among the most widely traded agricultural commodities in the world, in a value chain the FAO says may generate $500 billion a year.
    A number of studies have shown that fisheries could make a significantly larger economic contribution if they were managed to their maximum sustainable yields. The World Bank puts the lost revenues at $51 billion a year; other estimates range from $46 billion to $90 billion. But though establishing sustainable fisheries is clearly desirable and necessary, only limited research has explored in detail the challenges of the transition, particularly the economic implications for different participants. A new McKinsey report, Design for Sustainable Fisheries—Modeling Fishery Economics, helps to fill these gaps.
    The report finds that the transition to sustainable fisheries will be challenging for three main reasons. First, it typically requires a reduction in levels of fishing and changes in fishing practices, so short-term financial losses usually percolate through the value chain. Participants who lack alternatives or a longer-term interest in a fishery may be more concerned about losing short-term harvests than about driving a fishery to collapse. Second, even when a fishery becomes sustainable, the economic and other benefits may be unevenly distributed among participants. Finally, although sustainable fishing usually calls for data gathering and adequate management, in many areas these are hard to implement. Lacking good indications of a fish stock’s health, even people with the best intentions may overfish.
    To help address these challenges, McKinsey collaborated with experts from the University of California Santa Barbara. The researchers devised a methodology to compare the biological and economic impacts of different transition pathways to sustainability for specific fisheries and applied it to three case studies. Detailed field research uncovered the problems of stakeholders and the value chain dynamics, and in-depth modeling explored the biological and economic consequences of various management scenarios. To highlight the significantly different possibilities, the researchers compared the consequences of a "business as usual" scenario with those of various paths to sustainability. This approach can help align the interests of different stakeholders and provide them with an optimal solution based on the study of detailed biological and economic scenarios.
It can be inferred from the passage that the collapse of fisheries
选项 A、is the consequence of the destabilized ecosystem.
B、means most of the fish stocks are overfished.
C、will most likely take place first in developing countries.
D、will probably influence the eating habit of people.
答案D
解析 推理判断题。根据题干关键词collapse of fisheries定位至第一段第三句。该句表明，渔业的衰退不仅会影响渔民，而且对所有从事与渔业相关行业的人员以及食用鱼类蛋白的人们都有影响，因此推断出，渔业的衰退有可能影响人们的饮食习惯，[D]与原文相符，故为答案。由第一段第一句可知，是渔业中的过度捕捞导致了海洋生态系统的异常，而不是生态系统的异常导致了渔业的破产，因此排除[A]；由第一段第二句可知，据联合国粮农组织统计，世界上30％的鱼群遭到过度捕捞，而不是大多数，故排除[B]；虽然发展中国家更为依赖鱼类作为动物蛋白的来源，但文章中并没有表明发展中国家的渔业会率先萎缩衰退，故排除[C]。
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