首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The Commercialisation of Science and Technology Science and technology and the role of commercialisation in that area are ve
The Commercialisation of Science and Technology Science and technology and the role of commercialisation in that area are ve
admin
2014-06-02
35
问题
The Commercialisation of Science and Technology
Science and technology and the role of commercialisation in that area are very interesting question. And it’s an issue which is going to be increasingly important, world wide.
Ⅰ. an overview of the relationship between science & technology and research development & innovation:
1) Science--which is done to【1】new basic knowledge.
Generally, that’s done in the universities, the government- funded【2】and larger international companies.
2) Technology--to do with the【3】of science.
It turns scientific discoveries into a useful product, or a useful service.
3) Research, development and innovation are【4】:
A. Research--closely related to basic sciences.
B. Development-- the process of taking the【5】scientific idea or item and running it through to the development of products and services.
C. Innovation--putting the【6】into the market place.
Ⅱ. problems in commercialisation of technology:
1) The first one--not getting enough funding to develop scientific ideas into useful products and services;
2) Another one--only 1/10 ideas taken to the final【7】
3) The third one--Most people cannot guarantee a【8】return on their investment.
Ⅲ. companies and【9】ideas:
1) Because of various reasons, the technology would likely become outmoded;
2) Some companies【10】other specialized individuals or organisations to do research on their behalf;
3) Governments need to encourage and facilitate the interaction of the domestic firms with overseas companies.
【5】
The Commercialisation of Science and Technology
Good morning, everyone. I’d like to welcome you all to our series of lectures on "Excellence in Science" and I must say, judging by the numbers of you in the audience out there, this is the most popular lecture we have had all year! So rather than take up any more of your time, I’d like to introduce my own topic "The Commercialisation of Science and Technology" Science and technology and the role of commercialisation in that area are very interesting question. And it’s an issue which is going to be increasingly important, world wide. Let me just begin by giving you an overview of the relationship between science and technology and research development and innovation. These are terms which people often use as if they mean the same thing. Essentially, science is that which is done to generate new basic knowledge, knowledge in areas where nobody has previously researched. Generally, that’s done in the universities and the government funded research centers, of one sort or another. The larger international companies also do some of that, their own research I mean. Technology is really to do with the application of science.
It turns scientific discoveries into a useful product, or a useful service. If ! may compare scientific and technology, I could say that science provides the fundamental knowledge that explains a phenomenon, whereas technology takes that understanding and transforms it into a useful thing. It’s very much like a pendulum and a click. The pendulum is the part of a clock whose movement, back and forth, makes a clock work. The click is the useful product that has a function of telling the time. Therefore, science can be compared to that swinging motion within the clock and technology is the total object--the clock. That’s the sort of difference you’re looking at.
Research, development and innovation are aligned, in that research is closely related to basic sciences. Development is the process of taking the basic scientific idea or item and running it through to the development of products and services, Innovation is really about putting that product and service into the market place. So innovation is about the creation of a new of ideas and products and a new set of ways of delivering them.
Now in terms of commercialisation of technology, the most important thing nowadays is the difficulty that countries have with funding. That is, getting enough money with which to develop scientific ideas into useful products and services. It’s very expensive. For every dollar you spend on basic research, it costs a company $10 in development and another $10 in marketing. Many companies today just cannot afford that.
The other thing of course, is for every profitable research idea, there’ an average of nine ideas that come to nothing. So, only one out often is taken to the final production stage. I’ll stop here to answer a question asked by some people who would like to know what happens to all of those so-called "unsuccessful" ideas.
Yes, it’s a continuing problem. Most of them are, of course, lost forever. A dew may eventually reach the production stage through the persistent efforts of interested individuals but this requires a great deal of time and finance on the part of the inventor, or owner of the idea. Most people, however, just don’t have enough resources to invest in a product that cannot guarantee a profitable return on their investment. No more questions? OK. Now, returning to my last point about companies and research ideas. Many ideas look wonderful on paper but they are often impossible to utilize in an inexpensive enough manner, or, having done so, the product doesn’t really work, or it’s unacceptable for various reasons. So before too long, the technology becomes outmoded, it becomes old technology? like record players. For example, you don’t see companies today investing money in, record players do you? Why bother? I imagine that in the not too distant future, young people won’t even know what a record is. At present, there seems to be a movement in the commercialisation of research and development towards the need for companies, large and small, to subcontract. That is, companies pay other specialized individuals or organisations to do research on their behalf. It’s becoming the practical solution. It’s only the very large companies who still retain their own research and development units. So occasionally, there’s a situation where a company has to commercialise but can’t do it alone. It has to get help. Sometimes, this help may come from smaller company, or, what’s happening more often these days, companies turn to universities and ask them for assistance with the development of new technologies. You find that’s a world wide movement. It happens in Europe, the United States, Asia, Austria, wherever. It’s important that governments understand the need to continuously research and develop, and governments should be aware of this need for domestic companies to work closely with firms overseas. The reality is on an international scale, if a company wants to be part of an international movement, governments need to encourage and facilitate the interaction of the domestic firm with its overseas counterparts. This doesn’t always happen because of the huge costs involved in doing so.
However, it’s an exciting period, a very, very exciting period for science and technology. Now, returning to my point about the need for further research and development it seems to e.
选项
答案
basic
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/MfpO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
DawnaWalterisoneoftheauthorsleadingthewayinBritainwithherbookthatattemptstohowevenatidy【M1】______
WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?
Parakey:SharingOnlineBecomesEverEasierTodayarecipeisn’tpassedonattheThanksgivingtableanymore.It’scommunicat
Job-hoppingNowadays,theone-companyindividualnolongerexists,andtheattitudetowardsjob-hoppingis(1)______fromthe
BreastfeedingChoosingwhethertobreastfeedorformulafeedyourbabyisoneofthefirstdecisionsexpectantparentswill
Englishpeoplerefersto______.
Manyarticlesandbookshavebeenwritteninrecentyearsaboutcultureinorganizations,usuallyreferredtoas"CorporateCult
ThefollowingwerethefoundingfathersoftheAmericanRepublicEXCEPT______.
我还是不能认同。在强调“一样”时,女人和男人并非真的一样。在强调“不一样”时,女人却还是少不了要和男人一样的同工同酬。难怪女人们一致地感到辛苦感到劳累。要求她们既要做得和男人“一样”,不被男人轻视,又要做得“不一样”,让男人们欢欣,她们真是招架不
谎言三叶草人总是要说谎的,谁要是说自己不说谎,这就是一个彻头彻尾的谎言。有的人一生都在说谎,他的存在就是一个谎言。有的人偶尔说谎,除了他自己,没有人知道这是一个谎言。谎言在某些时候只是说话人的善良愿望,只要不害人,说说也无妨。在我心灵深
随机试题
关于肩锁关节脱位的功能锻炼,叙述错误的是
支原体感染可引起
基金信息披露的及时性原则要求以最快的速度公开信息,在重大事件发生之日起()日内披露临时报告。
优质蛋白质
不同的五种商品在货架上排成一排,其中甲、乙两种必须排在一起,丙、丁两种不能排在一起,则不同的排法种数共有()。
案例一这学期,我新接手了一个班级。一段时间下来,一个叫小林的同学引起了我的注意。他平日里沉默寡言,总是穿着一身脏兮兮的校服,背着一个似乎从未洗过的书包。他座位前后排的同学桌子拉得都离他很远,下课也没有人和他玩,他好像坐在一个孤岛上。我曾试图与他交
除了书本上的知识之外,我们更要明白“常识”的重要。只有学问而无常识,与人谈话时,会缺少轻松平易的话题。有你在座,空气即会紧张严肃,你就成为不受欢迎的人物。所谓常识,包罗万象,一切都该去留神知道,才可使你活泼风趣,谈起话来左右逢源。这段话的主要意思是
以下程序的输出结果是()。defloc_glo(b=2,a=4):globalzz+=3*a+5*breturnzz=10print(z,loc_glo(4,2))
窗体上有一个名称为Commandl的命令按钮,其单击事件过程如下:PrivateSubCommandl_Click()DimxAsInteger,yAsIntegerStaticzAsIntegerx=3:y=
【B1】【B5】
最新回复
(
0
)