首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The racial theory of civilization has ceased to be scientifically respectable. Today we only know it as a sophistical excuse for
The racial theory of civilization has ceased to be scientifically respectable. Today we only know it as a sophistical excuse for
admin
2013-03-27
77
问题
The racial theory of civilization has ceased to be scientifically respectable. Today we only know it as a sophistical excuse for national pride and national hatred. The idea that there is a European race whose peculiar virtue render it fit to dominate the rest of the world, or an English race whose innate qualities make imperialism a duty, or a Nordic race whose predominance in America is the necessary condition of American greatness, and whose purity in Germany is indispensable to the purity of German culture, we know is scientifically baseless and politically disastrous. We know that physical anthropology and cultural anthropology are different studies, and we find it difficult to see how any one have confused them. Consequently we are not inclined to be grateful to Herder for having started so pernicious a doctrine.
It would be possible to defend him by arguing that his theory of racial differences does not in itself give any ground for believing in the superiority of one race over another. One might argue that it only implies each type of man to have its own form of life, its own conception of happiness, and its own rhythm of historical development. On this showing, the social institutions and political forms of different peoples can differ without being intrinsically better or worse than one another, and the goodness of a certain political form is never an absolute goodness by only a goodness relative to the people that has created it.
But this would not be a legitimate interpretation of Herder’s thought. It is essential to his whole point of view that the differences between the social and political institutions of different races are derived not from the historical experience of each race but from its innate psychological peculiarities, and this is fatal to a true understanding of history. The differentiations between different cultures which can be explained on these lines are not historical differentiations, like that between, say, Renaissance and Medieval cultures, but non-historical differentiations like that between a community of bees and a community of ants. Human nature has been divided up, but it is still human nature, still nature and not mind)and in terms of practical politics this means that the task of creating or improving a culture is assimilated to that of creating or improving a breed of domestic animals. Once Herder’s theory of race is accepted, there is no escaping the Nazi marriage laws.
The problem which Herder bequeathed to his successors, therefore, was the problem of thinking out clearly the distinction between nature and man: nature as a process or sum of processes governed by laws which are blindly obeyed, man as a process or sum of processes governed(as Kant was to put it)not by law simply but by consciousness of law. It had to be shown that history is a process of this second type: that is to say, the life of man is an historical life because it is a mental and spiritual life.
Herder’s first volume was published in the spring of 1784 when he was forty. Kant’s pupil had evidently read the book as soon as it appeared. Although Kant dissented from many of its doctrines, as his somewhat acid review was to show a year later, it did stimulate him to think for himself about the problems it raised and to write an essay of his own which constitutes his chief work on the philosophy of history. Kant was already sixty when he read the first part of the Ideen, and his mind had been formed by the Enlightenment as it took root in Germany under the aegis of Frederick the Great and of Voltaire, whom Frederick brought to the Prussian court. Hence Kant represents, as compared with Herder, a certain astringent tendency towards anti-Romanticism. In the true style of the Enlightenment, he regards past history as a spectacle of human irrationality and looks forward to a Utopia of rational life. What is really remarkable in him is the way in which he combines the Enlightenment point of view with the Romanticist, very much as in his theory of knowledge he combines rationalism and empiricism.
According to the writer, how did Kant regard Herder’s work?
选项
A、He was extremely critical.
B、He was mostly critical.
C、He was critical but puzzled.
D、None of the above.
答案
C
解析
根据文中第五段的“Kant’s pupil had evidently read the book as soon as it appeared.Although Kant dissented from many of its doctrines,as his somewhat acid reviewwas to show a year later,it did stimulate him to think for himself about the problems itraised and to write an essay of his own which constitutes his chief work on the philosophyof history.”可知,康德的学生在该书一问世时就已读过。正如一年后康德所发表的稍显尖刻的评论那样,他对书中的很多理论都持有异议。但这本书的确促使他思考书中提到的那些问题,并且据此创作出自己的文章,该文章构成了其有关哲学史作品中的关键部分。据此可知,虽然康德批评了赫尔德的著作,但也对其进行了思考,C项正确。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/MjmO777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Ithasbeenarguedthatwhereschoolsbecomebureaucratized,theybecomeboundupwiththetechniquesandimplementationofthe
PitythosewhoaspiretoputtheinitialsPh.Daftertheirnames.After16yearsofcloselysupervisededucation,prospectivedo
Anorator,whosepurposeistopersuademen,mustspeakthethingstheywishtohear,anorator,whosepurposeistomovemen,m
Seventeen-year-oldQuantaeWilliamsdoesn’tunderstandwhytheU.S.SupremeCourtstruckdownhisschooldistrict’sracialdive
Thesourcesofanti-Christianfeelingweremanyandcomplex.Onthemoreintangibleside,therewasageneralpiqueagainstthe
Culturalknowledgeconsistsoftherules,categories,assumptions,definitions,andjudgmentsthatpeopleusetoclassifyandin
Ninety-fivepercentofadultAmericanssleepseventoeighthoursanight.Therestseemtoneedmorethanninehours,orgetal
PresidentRoosevelt’sadministrationsufferedadevastatingdefeatwhenonJanuary6,1936,theAgriculturalAdjustmentActwas
Tousitseemssonaturaltoputupanumbrellatokeepthewateroffwhenitrains.Butactuallytheumbrellawasnotinvented
Thisproblemshouldbediscussedfirst,forittakes______overalltheotherissues.
随机试题
对于符合K≈情况来说,若α1<<α2时,要提高K值时则主要提高α1的值。()
病毒感染不会引起急性胰腺炎的是
《执业药师注册管理暂行办法》规定,执业药师的执业范围为()
[背景资料]某建筑工程,建筑面积23824m2,地上10层,地下2层(地下水位-2.0m)。主体结构为非预应力现浇混凝土框架剪力墙结构(柱网为9m×9m,局部柱距为6m),梁模板起拱高度分别为20mm、12mm。抗震设防烈度7度。梁、柱受力钢筋为HR.B
贝塔系数的绝对值越大,表明证券承担的系统风险越大。()
有人记忆马克思的生日1818年5月5日时,联想为“马克思一巴掌一巴掌打得资产阶级呜呜地哭”,这是使用了()。
下列属于学习迁移的现代理论有()。
一、注意事项1.申论考试是对应试者阅读理解能力、综合分析能力、提出和解决问题能力和文字表达能力进行考查的考试。2.作答参考时限:阅读资料40分钟,答卷110分钟、3.仔细阅读给定资料,按照后面提出的中论要求依次作答二、给定资料
甲因急于继承其父财产而生杀父之念,一日雨夜乘其父病重之机,欲为其注射毒药。刚拿起注射器,忽听一声惊雷致使注射器掉在地上。他想到杀父是大逆不道,要为天理所报应,便放弃了杀害行为。甲的行为属于()。
Comparedmathematicallytosmokinganddriving,almosteverythingelseseemsrelativelyrisk-free,______almostnothingseemsw
最新回复
(
0
)