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  3. Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or

Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or

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问题 Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories【C1】______on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently【C2】______ for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in【C3】______to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, or as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families,【C4】______the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes for lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are【C5】______to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly【C6】______juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in【C7】______lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also【C8】______changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family pattern. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be a(n)【C9】______on juvenile crime rates.
Other【C10】______causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased availability of drugs and alcohol, and the growing incidence of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, although a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
A. centering B. penalized C. sensitive D. response
E. influence F. ignoring G. turn H. structure
I. system J. affect K. identifiable L. available
M. experienced N. relying O. subject
【C6】
选项
答案J
解析 affect，上下文题。根据词性，此处应当填入动词原形，可选范围为“affect，influence，turn”。下文的举例说明了社会经济变化对青少年犯罪的影响，从语义判断affect，influence两词均可表示“影响”，但是affect作“影响”讲时可分三种情况：①直接的、有形的力量作用于某事物或事件并使之发生变化。例：They try to affect the size of a crop by using fertilizer．②用于表示对某事物产生不好的影响。例：Exposure to intense light affects one’s eyes adversely．暴露在强光之下会损害眼睛。③指对另外一个人感情上的影响，感染，感动。例：Music affects some people very strongly．而influence通常指“不易觉察到地、潜移默化地去影响”，往往是间接的，通过说服或以实际行动树立榜样而对他人产生影响。此处指对青少年犯罪率产生直接影响，属于affect第一种用法，故选affect。
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