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  3. [A] Until summarizing is possible, managers and CEOs who are experts in their various fields won’ t trust a computer that cannot

[A] Until summarizing is possible, managers and CEOs who are experts in their various fields won’ t trust a computer that cannot

admin2019-05-09  20
问题    [A] Until summarizing is possible, managers and CEOs who are experts in their various fields won’ t trust a computer that cannot offer a reason for why a creative yet risky move is the best one to make. Researchers have developed a mathematical proof that shows the limits to how creative a computer can be. They found that the fastest modern supercomputer couldn’ t list or explore all the features of an object/thing even if it had started working on the problem way back in the 1950s. Further, computers cannot always fill in the gaps in our lack of understanding for how things work. Our theories will always need actual empirical measurements to fill in the gaps in our understanding.
   [B] We shouldn’ t concern ourselves, therefore, about whether computers will overtake humans: instead, we should focus on designing a system that allows humans and computers to easily collaborate together so each partner can build upon the other’ s strengths and counter the other’ s weaknesses. Along the way, humans will rise to the challenge of working with a strong machine partner. In some ways, this is already happening. After losing the first three games to AlphaGo, and witnessing the computer system make novel moves that players hadn’ t seen before, Lee Sedol made a highly creative move of his own and ended up winning the game.
   [C] Despite these advancements, computers still have limitations. For example, even though AlphaGo leaned on deep learning to make moves that increased its chances of winning, its programmers didn’ t know why the system made certain moves. They could peer in to see such things as the values at the many digital"neurons"of a many-layered network, but much of the information was distributed across large ranges of the neural network and was not available to be summarized in a reasoned argument as to why a particular move was chosen.
   [D] Artificial intelligence is disturbing the workforce, and will continue to do so as its capabilities increase. Inevitably, artificial intelligence will soon be able to do the administrative tasks that consume much of managers’ time faster, better, and at a lower cost. But, when it comes to more complex and creative tasks such as innovation, the question still remains whether AI can do the job better than humans.
   [E]One can see more of this in the future. As we develop systems and they evolve, humans and computers will continue to challenge each other, and, as a result, both will become more innovative in the process. Further, designing the proper interface for human and computers to collaborate on the same problem will unleash a level of innovativeness that neither partner can achieve on their own.
   [F]Given these limitations, researchers have proposed a solution: a new human-computer interface (HCI) that allows humans and computers to work together to counter each other’ s weaknesses. Computers, for example, could prevent humans from falling prey to cognitive biases such as functional fixedness, assumption blindness and analogy blindness. And humans could make up the creative deficiencies of computers. In order for this to work, the interface needs to be both human- and computer-friendly.
   [G]There’ s no doubt that recent advancements in AI have been extraordinary. AlphaGo, a computer program designed to play the ancient board game Go, beat Lee Sedol, one of best players in the world, in a 4-1 landslide. Since Go is far more complex game than chess, AlphaGo’ s victory was a major breakthrough.

选项
答案D
解析 根据首段不能出现表承上衔接的代词或逻辑词这一原则，可首先排除B项…therefore…、C项Despite these advancements、E项One can see more of this in the future，A项中Until summarizing is possible表明上文提及“做出某种总结、总结某事”，也不能作为首段。因此锁定D项，该项先总说人工智能威胁人类劳动力，之后转折给出不同观点“在某些需要创造力的领域，人工智能是否比人类做得更好还有待讨论”，这种“由普遍现象入手引出作者异同观点”的行文逻辑是常见开篇方式。另外，第二段G项首句指出“毫无疑问，人工智能取得惊人成就”，可与D项形成让步逻辑。
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