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  3. Widespread adoption of plug-in electric vehicles could dramatically cut greenhouse gas pollution and reduce U.S. dependence on f

Widespread adoption of plug-in electric vehicles could dramatically cut greenhouse gas pollution and reduce U.S. dependence on f

admin2023-02-20  51
问题     Widespread adoption of plug-in electric vehicles could dramatically cut greenhouse gas pollution and reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil. But results of an electric-car pilot project presented recently at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science provide added incentive to go electric: Car owners could return unused electricity back to the grid (输电网) and make real money while doing it.
    Electric cars need big, powerful batteries to accelerate to highway speeds and travel scores or even several hundred kilometers on a single charge. But because most drivers drive just a few dozen kilometers a day, most of that battery capacity sits unused. To take advantage of that storage capacity, Willett Kempton, director of the University of Delaware’s Center for Carbon-Free Power Integration in Lewes, teamed up with an electric car maker, several utilities, a software company, and PJM Interconnection, one of 10 regional organizations that coordinate and control the U.S. electrical grid.
    To ensure that electricity flows steadily and without interruption, the U.S. government requires PJM Interconnection and its counterparts to have reserves of power in case a generator goes down and other electrical reserves to maintain the 60-Hz frequency of alternating current that our appliances and devices are accustomed to dealing with. Today, PJM Interconnection and its counterparts pay conventional power plants to maintain this reserve power. But as renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, which provide energy cleanly but intermittently, come online, these grid operators need to increase their storage capacity to ensure a steady electricity supply. So Kempton and his colleagues set out to provide some of the backup power from a fleet of parked electric cars.
    Kempton’s team used an electric car from AC Propulsions, a California car company, which was custom-built to provide electricity back to the grid. They used commercially available software and hardware that companies such as PJM Interconnection use to monitor and control energy flow. In November, the company hooked the grid up to the car, and Kempton’s team’s electric car became the first car in the world to earn its keep as a backup electric power source. At the rates that PJM Interconnection pays today to maintain power reserves, a hooked-in electric car could generate $1,800 a year for its owner.
    "I think it’s tremendously exciting," says Kathryn Clay, director of research for the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. "The extra dollars an electric car provides will not be enough by themselves to get consumers to adopt grictenabled vehicles—for that we also need better and less expensive batteries and tax incentives to give the market an encouragement" Nevertheless, "it’s an incentive to push in the right direction."  
In the research on the custom-built car, the commercially available software and hardware ________.
选项 A、enabled the car to control its energy flow
B、were provided by PJM Interconnection for Kempton’s team
C、enabled the grip operators to monitor the car’s energy flow
D、were custom-designed for Kempton’s team
答案A
解析 该段第2句开头的主语they指的是上一句提到的Kempton’s team，该句提到了他们使用了商业软件和硬件，结合上一句的custom-built和本句的这些软件和硬件的功能可以推断Kempton’s team将这些软件和硬件安装到电动车里，以使电动车能控制电池电力的流动方向，以达到为电网供电的目的，因此选A。本题最具干扰性的是B，第4段第2句提到了电网也使用这些软、硬件去监控电力的流动，但这是平时的情况，具体到Kempton的研究和他们那台特别订制的电动车的时候，电力的流动应由车主自己控制，这样才能让车主向电网提供电力储备，因此，B不适合用于描述这些软、硬件在本次研究中的作用。
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