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  3. Migration is usually defined as "permanent or semi-permanent change of residence." This broad definition, of course, would inclu

Migration is usually defined as "permanent or semi-permanent change of residence." This broad definition, of course, would inclu

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问题      Migration is usually defined as "permanent or semi-permanent change of residence." This broad definition, of course, would include a move across the street or across a city. Our concern is with movement between nations, not with internal migration within nations, although such movements often exceed international movements in volume. Today, the motives of people who move short distances are very similar to those of international migrants.
     Students of human migration speak of "push" and "pull" factors, which influence an individual’s decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are associated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple and mild a matter as difficulty in finding a suitable job, or as traumatic as war, or severe famine. Obviously, refugees who leave their homes with guns pointed at their heads are motivated almost entirely by push factors (although pull factors do influence their choice of destination).
    Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most often these are economic, such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the United States during the 19th century. In general, pull factors add up to an apparently better chance between several attractive potential destinations. The deciding factor might be a non economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already established in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in. Considerations of this sort lead to the development of migration flow.
    Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call "intervening obstacles", Even if push and/or pull factors are very strong they still may be outweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problem likely to be encountered on arrival.
    The decision to move is also influenced by "personal factors" of the potential migrant. The same push pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varying abilities and personalities. The prospect of packing up everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging, to an unmarried young man and appallingly difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to learn a new language and customs may excite one person and frighten another.
    Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes conflict. The United States and other western countries have experienced adjustment problems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paid jobs and are resented by native people who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.
What was indicated from the arrangement of the seat?
选项 A、America is considered the most important country.
B、France is a hospitable host.
C、Bush’s chair is very special at G8.
D、The French thought it embarrassing for Bush to leave earlier than others.
答案A
解析 推理判断题。关于布什的座位是这样描述的：这位美国总统在会议期间一直被安排坐在前排，两侧分别是法国总统希拉克和英国首相布莱尔。他的位置安排显然是根据它所代表的国家的地位决定的，地位高，位置就在前排中间，因此本题选A。
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