首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Criminology has treated women’s role in crime with a large measure of indifference. The intellectual tradition from which crimin
Criminology has treated women’s role in crime with a large measure of indifference. The intellectual tradition from which crimin
admin
2013-10-08
33
问题
Criminology has treated women’s role in crime with a large measure of indifference. The intellectual tradition from which criminology derives its conception of these sexes maintains esteem for men’s autonomy, intelligence and force of character while disdaining women for their weaknesses of compliance and passivity. Women who conform as pure, obedient daughters, wives and mothers benefit men and society. Those women who don’t, that is, are non-conforming, may simply be one who questions established beliefs or practices, or one who engages in activities associated with men, or one who commits a crime. These women are doubly damned and doubly deviant. They are seen as "mad" not "bad". These behaviors frequently lead to interpretations of being mentally abnormal and unstable. Those doing the defining, by the very act, are never defined as "other", but are the norm. As "men" are the norm, women are deviant. Women are defined in reference to men. In the words of Young, "sexual difference is one of the ways in which normal is marked out from deviant". So why do these differences exist within the criminal justice system and society as a whole? In order to understand why offending and punishment differs between genders it is important to acknowledge and analyze past perceptions, theories and perspectives from predominant sociologists and criminologists of that time towards women in society.
Up until the turn of the century, women were primarily perceived as sexual objects and expected to remain within male dominated ideologies such as homemaker, carer and nurturer taking second place after men. Women who strayed from the norm were severely punished, void of any opportunities to explain their actions. Perhaps interventions from Elizabeth Fry in the early nineteenth century campaigning for women to be housed in separate prisons from men and offered rehabilitation could be marked as the starting point for intense studies being conducted into relationships between women and crime. The conception at that time was that women must be protected from, rather than held responsible for their criminal actions. Unfortunately, such intervention only caused coaxing rather than coercion, that is, women became segregated even more as individual members of their community.
Later in the late nineteenth century, Lombroso and Ferrero wrote a book called, The Female Offender. Their theories were based on "atavism". Atavism refers to the belief that all individuals displaying anti-social behavior were biological throwbacks. The born female criminal was perceived to have the criminal qualities of the male plus the worst characteristics of women. According to Lombroso and Ferrero, these included deceitfulness, cunning and spite among others and were not apparent among males. This appeared to indicate that criminal women were genetically more male than female, therefore biologically abnormal. Criminality in men was a common feature of their natural characteristics, whereby women, their biologically-determined nature was exactly opposite to crime. Female social deviants or criminals who did not act according to pre-defined standards were diagnosed as pathological and requiring treatment, they were to be "cured" or "removed".
Other predominant theorists such as Thomas and later, Pollack, believed that criminality was a pathology and socially induced rather than biologically inherited. As Thomas says, "the girl as a child does not know she has any particular value until she learns it from others". Pollack believed, "it is the learned behaviour from a very young age that leads girls into a ’masked’ character of female criminality", that is, how it was and still is concealed through under-reporting and low detection rates of female offenders. He further states, "in our male-dominated culture, women have always been considered strange, secretive and sometimes dangerous". A greater leniency towards women 6y police and the justice system needs to be addressed especially If a "true" equality of genders is to be achieved in such a complicated world.
Which of the following is NOT true about the Elizabeth Fry Campaign?
选项
A、It was a movement for women not to be put in the same prisons with men.
B、It brought the intensive studies about the relationships between women and crime.
C、The intervention from the campaign mashed the traditional conception about women.
D、The intervention made women be segregated from the society.
答案
C
解析
细节推断题。根据Elizabeth Fry Campaign定位到第2段。该段指出该活动使人们开始重视研究女性和犯罪的关系,但并未彻底打破人们对女性的传统观点,C项正好与此相反,故为正确答案。该段介绍该行动是为了争取男女应冈禁在不同的监狱,并成为女性与犯罪学研究的起点,故可排除A、B;该段末提到此活动使女性受到更多的隔离.故可排除D。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/O6ZO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
Accordingtothenews,ChechnyahasallofthefollowinggeographicfeaturesEXCEPT______.
Atwhatagewillmostchildrenenteragrammarschoolorasecondaryschool?
HowtoApproachaDissertationI.WhatisadissertationA.Apieceofwritingwithargument:—requiringyoutoanalyzetheevid
HowtoApproachaDissertationI.WhatisadissertationA.Apieceofwritingwithargument:—requiringyoutoanalyzetheevid
BritishEducationalSystem1.PrimaryandsecondaryeducationinBritain1)Childrengototheprimaryschoolattheageof(1)
TheaimoftheNewDealmeasureswasto______.
Foodisirradiated(用辐射处理)toprovidethesamebenefitsaswhenitisprocessedbyheat,refrigeration,freezingortreatedwit
每夜最熟识的就是天上的星辰了。也不过是点点闪烁的光明,而相看惯了,偶然不见,也有些想望与无聊。连夜雨雪,一点星光都看不见。松林中射来零乱的风灯,都成了满天星宿。真的,雪花隙里,看不出来天空和森林的界限,将繁灯当作繁星,简直是抵得过。一念至诚地将假
随机试题
设=__________。
举例说明《史记》刻画人物性格的经典手法。
男性,30岁,胸腹联合伤,第9、10肋骨闭合性骨折,肝破裂,P110次/分,Bp12.3/9,3kPa(92/70mmHg),Hb80g/L,最适当的治疗是()
万某因出国留学将自己的个人独资企业委托陈某管理,并授权陈某在5万元以内的开支和50万元以内的交易可自行决定。若第三人对此授权不知情,则陈某受托期间实施的下列行为中为我国法律所禁止或无效的是()。
税收法律关系的内容就是权利主体所享有的权利及所应承担的义务,具体是指税务机关有权征税,纳税人有义务纳税。()
在一个单因子方差分析中,因子有4个水平,每一水平的数据如下,正确的是()。
一般资料:求助者,女性,16岁,初中学生,因为各科成绩不好前来做心理咨询。以下是心理咨询师和求助者的一段对话:心理咨询师:你好,有什么需要帮助的吗?求助者:最近三个多月我一直心情不好。整日坐卧不安,有时心慌,浑身冒汗,甚至喘不
著名教育家陶行知曾言:培养教育人和种花木一样,首先要认识花木的特点,区别不同情况给以施肥、浇水和培养教育,这叫“因材施教”。请联系实际,简述教学中因材施教的内涵和做法。
情感营销就是把消费者的个人情感差异和需求作为企业品牌营销战略的中心,借助情感包装、情感促销、情感广告、情感口碑、情感设计等策略来实现企业的目标,它主要是和顾客、消费者之间的感情互动。根据上述定义,下列属于情感营销的是:
某学生在学习矩形的概念时,主动将其与三角形概念进行对比,了解两个概念之间的区别和联系,从而掌握了矩形的概念。他所进行的学习属于()
最新回复
(
0
)