首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
"Civilization" Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developments began to transform the Neolithic towns. The
"Civilization" Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developments began to transform the Neolithic towns. The
admin
2018-07-24
46
问题
"Civilization"
Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developments began to transform the Neolithic towns. The invention of writing enabled records to be kept, and the use of metals marked a new level of human control over the environment and its resources. Already before 4000 B.C., craftspeople had discovered that metal-bearing rocks could be heated to liquefy metals, which could then be cast in molds to produce tools and weapons that were more useful than stone instruments. Although copper was the first metal to be utilized in producing tools, after 4000 b.c. craftspeople in western Asia discovered that a combination of copper and tin produced bronze, a much harder and more durable metal than copper. Its widespread use has led historians to call the period the Bronze Age; thereafter, from around 3000 to 1200 b.c, bronze was increasingly replaced by iron.
At first, Neolithic settlements were hardly more than villages. But as their inhabitants mastered the art of farming, more complex human societies emerged. As wealth increased, these societies began to develop armies and to build walled cities. By the beginning of the Bronze Age, the concentration of larger numbers of people in the river valleys of Southwest Asia and Egypt was leading to a whole new pattern for human life.
As we have seen, early human beings formed small groups that developed a simple culture that enabled them to survive. As human societies grew and developed greater complexity, a new form of human existence—called civilization—came into being. A civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements. Historians have identified a number of basic characteristics of civilization, most of which are evident in the Southwest Asian and Egyptian civilizations. These include (1) an urban focus: cities became the centers of political, economic, social, cultural, and religious development; (2) a distinct religious structure: the gods were deemed crucial to the community’s success, and professional priestly classes, as stewards of the gods’ property, regulated relations with the gods; (3) new political and military structures: an organized government bureaucracy arose to meet the administrative demands of the growing population while armies were organized to gain land and power and for defense; (4) a new social structure based on economic power: while kings and an upper class of priests, political leaders, and warriors dominated, there also existed large groups of free people (farmers, artisans, craftspeople) and at the very bottom, socially, a class of slaves; (5) the development of writing: kings, priests, merchants, and artisans used writing to keep records; and (6) new forms of significant artistic and intellectual activity: monumental architectural structures, usually religious, occupied a prominent place in urban environments.
Why early civilizations developed remains difficult to explain. A Since civilizations developed independently in India, China, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, can general causes be identified that would explain why all of these civilizations emerged? B A number of possible explanations of the beginning of civilization have been suggested. A theory of challenge and response maintains that challenges forced human beings to make efforts that resulted in the rise of civilization. Some scholars have adhered to a material explanation. C Material forces, such as the growth of food surpluses, made possible the specialization of labor and development of large communities with bureaucratic organization. D But the area of the Fertile Crescent, in which civilization emerged in Southwest Asia, was not naturally conducive to agriculture. Abundant food could be produced only with a massive human effort to carefully manage the water, an effort that created the need for organization and bureaucratic control and led to civilized cities. Some historians have argued that nonmaterial forces, primarily religious, provided the sense of unity and purpose that made such organized activities possible. Finally, some scholars doubt that we are capable of ever discovering the actual causes of early civilization.
According to paragraph 3, how was the class system structured?
选项
A、An upper class and a lower class
B、Slaves, free people, and a ruling class
C、A king, an army, and slaves
D、Intellectuals and uneducated farmers and workers
答案
B
解析
"... a new social structure .. . [included] kings and an upper class . . . free people . .. and a class of slaves." Choice A is not correct because it does not include free people. Choice C is not correct because it does not include free people. Choice D is not mentioned and may not be concluded from information in the passage. The new structure described is based on economics, not on education.
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/OCfO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
WhatrulesapplytotakingdifferentobjectstotheCentre?Matcheachobjectwiththecorrectrule,A-C.Writethecorrectlett
WhatdidPhoebefinddifficultaboutthedifferentresearchtechniquessheused?ChooseFIVEanswersfromtheboxandwritethe
ChooseTHREEletters,A-ETheinventionofdifferentgearsonabicycleaffectedwhichTHREEofthefollowing?AWheelsizeBBa
Whatadvantagedoesthespeakermentionforeachofthefollowingphysicalactivities?ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwrite
Whothinksthefollowing?AKatyaBPeterCbothKatyaandPeterTheInternetcreatesnewgapsbetweenrichandpoor.
ResearchingtheoriginofmedievalmanuscriptsBackgroundMedievalmanuscripts—handwrittenbooksproducedbetweenthefifth
ResearchingtheoriginofmedievalmanuscriptsBackgroundMedievalmanuscripts—handwrittenbooksproducedbetweenthefifth
(Between)1905and1907,(floodwaters)fromtheColoradoRiverpouredinto(a)salt-covereddepression(andcreating)theSalton
Pheromonesaresubstancesthatserveaschemicalsignalsbetweenmembersofthe samespecies.Theyaresecretedtot
Harborsare(protected)areas(ofwater)thatcanbe(usedthe)transferofpassengersandcargo(between)shipsshore.
随机试题
蛛网膜下腔出血的治疗原则正确的是()
A城市有一宗国有建设用地,占地面积为1000/m2,土地使用者于2001年以行政划拨方式取得,后于2004年8月1日通过补办出让手续取得该宗地50年期的土地使用权,同时建成一栋总建筑面积为2500/m2的办公楼,现全部用于出租。A城市房地产市场比较发育
(2006年)单元体的应力状态如图5—51所示,其σ1的方向()。
在投资实践中,投资者按“宏观经济和证券市场运行状况一行业前景一公司经营状况”先后顺序的分析,称为自上而下的分析。( )
企业发生的下列费用中,可能计入“管理费用”的有()。
党的十九大报告指出,“完善城镇职工基本养老保险和城乡居民基本养老保险制度,尽快实现()”。
阅读下文,回答下列题:在大学里讲美学,我不太会用到“竞争力”。美可能是一朵花,很难去想象如果我凝视这朵花,跟竞争力有什么关系。我曾在美索不达米亚发现八千年前的一个雕刻:一个女孩子从地上捡起一朵落花闻。这个季节走过北京,如果地上有一朵落花
(2014年第5题)1992年,党的十四大提出了我国经济体制改革的目标是建立社会主义市场经济体制。经过十四大到十八届三中全会二十多年的实践,党对政府和市场的关系有了新的科学定位,提出使市场在资源配置中起
Man’spuzzlementandpreoccupationwithtimebothderiveultimatelyfromhisuniquerelationshiptoit.Allanimalsexistin
Whataretheytalkingabout?
最新回复
(
0
)