2. 外语
  3. • Read the following article about career development and the questions on the opposite page． • For each question 15-20，mark

• Read the following article about career development and the questions on the opposite page． • For each question 15-20，mark

admin2010-01-28  45
问题    • Read the following article about career development and the questions on the opposite page．
   • For each question 15-20，mark one letter(A，B，C or D)on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose．
How to get to the top
   Marketing used to be the route to the chief executive’s chair，but the world has changed．Now，says Monika Hamori．professor of human resources at Instituto de Empresa in Madrid，it is finance chiefs who are most likely to get the top job，though experience in opera-tions-running parts of the companyis also essential．CFO Magazine found in 2005 that onefifth of chief ex-ecutives in America were former chief financiaI officers，almost double the share of a decade earlier．The importance of quarterly financial reporting，and closer scrutiny since the imposition of the Sarbanesoxley corporategovernance act，have put CFOs in the limelightand given them the chance to shine．
   Another factor in reaching the top is whether you stay with the company you joined as a youngster．Ms．Hamori’s research looked at companies in the S&P 500 and the FTSEurofirst 300．She finds that‘lifers’get to the top in 22 years in America and 24 years in Europe：‘Hoppers’who jump between four or more companies，by contrast，take at least 26 years on average to become chief executives．Insiders get promotions that reflect their potential，because their bosses have enough information to be reasonably confident about their ability．When executives switch from one company to another，however，they tend to move less far up the hierarchy，the researchers found．
   The time taken to reach the top is falling．The average time from first job to chief executive fell from 28 years in 1980 to 24 in 2001．Successful executives are spending less time than they used to in each intermediate joban average of four yearsand they fill five posts on the way up．down from six．One reason for this acceleration is that company hierarchies are flatter than they used to be．Another important shift is the advent of female chief executives． 1n 2001 women accounted for 11%of bosses at leading American companies．ac-cording to the Hamori/Cappelli survey；in the early 1980s there were none．
   America is usually regarded as the home of raw capitalism．with youthful managers hopping from firm to firm and pushing their way to the top．But the HamorL/Cappelli study and another by Booz & Company，a consultancy，show that Europe is a more dynamic and harsher environ-menl than America or Japan for chief executives．For a start，European chief executives are younger，with an average age of 54．compared with over 56 in America．The Hamor/Cappelli study shows that 26%of American bos-ses were lifers，compared with only 18%in Europe．
   The Europeans also have a harder time once they get to the top.Booz ＆ Company’s annual survey of chiefexecutive succession shows that 17.6%of European bosses moved on last year．compared with 15%of Americans and 10%of Japanese．Chief executives．the survey found，last longer in America：the average tenure over the past decade was just over nine years．But in Europe the average tenure over the same period was less than seven years．
   Moreover．a whopping 37%of changes at the top in Europe were more or less firings，according to Booz，compared with only 27%in America and 12%in Japan．Booz puts this down to the more recent tightening of corporate governance in Europe,Another Booz finding is common to both sides of the Atlantic：looking back over recent years，board disputes and power struggles lie behind a third of chiefexecutive firings．In short，shareholder activism is making its presence felt，putting pressure on bosses to perform．   
    According to the last paragraph，
选项 A、employees are more likely to be fired as they get higher in position．
B、executives in Japan are more likely to get fired than those in America．
C、corporate governance in America and Japan is too loose．
D、shareholders in both America and Europe put great pressure on the management．
答案D
解析 本题用筛选法可以很快确定答案D。 只要正确理解本段的第一句话就可以排除A和B。第一句话的意思是“根据Booz的调查，在欧洲，高达37%的高层人事变动都多少带有被解雇的性质，而美国和日本则分别为27%和12%”。A项的意思是“职位越高的职员更容易被解雇”，与本句不符。此外，参考句中“美国和日本(的高层解雇比例)分别为27%和12%”可以判断B为错误。至于选项C，它的意思是“美国和日本的企业管理太过松散”，这并没有在本段提及，而且也不能从段中的第二句“：Booz puts this down to the m
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