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Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil

admin2022-08-25  29
问题     Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel up from less than $10 last December. This near tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979—1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?
    The Oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.
    Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries, the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.
    Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50％ less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0. 25％—0. 5％ of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.
    One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70％, and in 1979 by almost 30％.
The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries
选项 A、heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.
B、income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.
C、manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.
D、oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.
答案D
解析 根据文章第四段第五句“The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year…this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0. 25％—0. 5％ of GDP. ”可知，经合组织在其最新经济展望中估计，如果油价持续一年维持在22美元每桶，这将使发达国家的石油进口费用仅增加GDP的0. 25％～0. 5％。也就是说，油价的上涨所带来的影响只是在0. 25％～0. 5％之间，在发达国家石油价格的变化不会对GDP (国内生产总值) 产生重大影响，故选D。
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