首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they
Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they
admin
2010-04-28
30
问题
Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they are told to do. The reason for this lies, of course, in the narrow fixation of the com puting machine’s "intelligence" on the details of its own perceptions its inability to be guided by any large context. In a psychological description of the computer intelligence, three related adjectives come to mind: single- minded, literal-minded, and simple-minded. Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that this single-mindedness, literal-mindedness, and simple-mindedness also characterizes theoretical mathematics, though to a lesser extent.
Since science tries to deal with reality, even the most precise sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood approximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriate skepticism. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field theoretical equations.
Physicists, looking at the original Schrodinger equation, learn to sense in it the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible, and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation. This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach. Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations. Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally. Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined, and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately, but perhaps inappropriately. In some cases, the mathematicians’ literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences. The mathematicians turn the scientists’ theoretical assumptions, that is, their convenient points of analytical emphasis, into axioms, and then take these axioms literally. This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally. The question, central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context what happens if the axioms are relaxed?--is thereby ignored.
The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. (419)
The author suggests that a mathematician asked to solve a problem in an ill-defined situation would first at-tempt to ______.
选项
A、identify an analogous situation
B、simplify and define the situation
C、vary the underlying assumptions of a description of the situation
D、determine what use would be made of the solution provided
答案
B
解析
推理判断题。线索在原文的第三段。数学家把非理想化的条件转化为理想化的条件。正确答案是B。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/OxqO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
ManypeoplearesurprisedtolearnthatAntarcticaisnearlytwicethesizeoftheUnitedStates.ThenameAntarcticawascoined
A、Heisunabletogetconnected.B、Hehasjustlostallhisdata.C、Helacksnecessarycomputingskills.D、Heisinneedofane
EveryoneseemstohateAmerica’slateststabatimmigrationreform,whichwentbeforethefullSenatethisweek.Immigrantgroup
Itshouldnotbetakenforgrantedthatrecyclingismoreefficientthanchuckingsomethingaway.Comparingallthecosts,inclu
A、Heusedtobethestarplayerinhighschool.B、Hehasputonmuchweightnow.C、Helikesfreshfruitsandvegetables.D、Hest
CulturalrelevanceandsensitivityarekeyissuesthatAmericancompanieshavetotackleastheytapintothefast-growingethni
Ingeneral,oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhichmanbecomesasmall
OnDecember5,1945,at2:00pm,agroupof【C1】______tookoffinperfectweatherforapracticeflightovertheAtlanticOcean.
作为增进美国利益的总战略的一部分,军备控制仍处于十分重要的地位。军备控制可以成为美国对外政策的一个重要部分,但我认为真正的问题在于到底什么能增进我们国家的利益。在这些,比如,军备控制协定不起作用或产生相反效果或已作废的情况下,它们不应该成为我们外交政策发展
A、Remembernottouseannoyinglanguagewithchildren.B、Repeatwhattheirparentssaidinchildhood.C、Drawlessonsfromtheir
随机试题
上海文化的显著特点是“海纳百川,兼容并蓄”,它体现在上海文化的方方面面。上海舞台文化百花争艳,不仅有本乡本土的沪剧。还有国剧京戏以及越剧、淮剧等地方戏,也有来自域外的话剧、芭蕾舞等。上海的音乐文化是多旋律的(polyrhythmic),从乡土气息浓烈的江
静息痛
James染色法中5%甲醛液的作用是
老年男性,因夜间受凉突然出现尿潴留,其最可能的原因是
注册建造师李某于2011年1月办理了延续注册,2012年5月因工作调动办理了变更注册,变更后其注册证书和执业印章的有效期截止至()。
下面是某同学解方程的过程:求方程x(x一1)=x。解:x(x一1)=x两边同时除以x得x=2问题:(1)该同学的解题过程哪步错了?分析原因;(2)针对该生的情况,请你设计一个辅导教学片段,并说明设
以下属于犯罪构成要件的是()。
人类的规律,向来是自上而下地垂爱毫无保留,由下而上地尽孝则_________。所以,羔羊跪乳、乌鸦反哺,更多时候不过是庙堂之上的说辞。将年老的幸福筑建在孩子身上,这本身就有着_________的危险。依次填入画横线部分最恰当的一项是()。
LisaFryandPaulaTurnergrewupacrossthestreetfromeachotherinTwinFalls.Theynever(1)______theirfriendshipwouldla
Recently,apollonuniversitystudents’self-disciplineshowsthatonly30percentofthesurveyedstudentshaveverygoodself
最新回复
(
0
)