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  3. [A] What to do as a student? [B] Various definitions of plagiarism [C] Ideas should always be sourced [D] Ignorance

[A] What to do as a student? [B] Various definitions of plagiarism [C] Ideas should always be sourced [D] Ignorance

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问题     [A] What to do as a student?
    [B] Various definitions of plagiarism
    [C] Ideas should always be sourced
    [D] Ignorance can be forgiven
    [E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft
    [F] The consequences of plagiarism
    Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is "the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as one’s own of the idea, or the expression of ideas of another."
    【R1】________
    The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writes are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.
    【R2】________
    Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.
    【R3】________
    Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.
    【R4】________
    Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation—note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography—are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although "there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them," the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.
    【R5】________
    The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and languages of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.
    The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume the responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.
【R1】
选项
答案F
解析 复现结构+无关词排除法。本题应首先分析原文的段落信息，总结出段落的主旨，再去和6个待选标题进行相关性匹配，找出最佳选项。按照前面总结的方法，我们定位本题段落：The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writes are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.    本题的原文段落的首句其实是个典型的总述性的句子，直接概括出The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation(对抄袭的惩罚是根据情况不同而有所变化的)，之后段落中连续列举了In many universities、In the literary world，即详细说明了在不同领域内不同的惩罚措施，而且我们注意到段落中出现以下同性质的关键信息词：punishment(处罚)、penalty(惩罚)、fine (罚款)、imprisonment(监禁)、ruined career(职业生涯的毁灭)等，把原文段落的这些关键线索综合起来分析，很清楚地定位出本段落的主旨应是在描述抄袭要承担的后果，根据上述分析，我们再对6个待选标题进行相关性匹配，很容易匹配出本题的答案应该是F项The consequences of plagiarism(抄袭的后果)。本题可以同时使用无关词排除法排除无关选项，如：A项What to do as a student?本段落并没有涉及student；B项Various definitions of plagiarism，本段落也没有涉及对抄袭的Various definitions，即不同的定义问题；D项Ignorance call be forgiven。本段落并没有涉及Ignorance。
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