首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION 1 Sleep restores the body and the mind and helps prevent disease by strengthening the immune
THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION 1 Sleep restores the body and the mind and helps prevent disease by strengthening the immune
admin
2012-01-14
95
问题
THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION
1 Sleep restores the body and the mind and helps prevent disease by strengthening the immune system. However, many adults do not get the recommended eight hours of sleep each night. The average adult today gets only 6.4 hours of sleep, nearly an hour and a half less than what the average person received a century ago.
Only in recent years have health professionals begun to realize the prevalence and severity of sleep deprivation in the working population.
A significant number of people work at night, work long shifts, or suffer from insomnia or jet lag. Others are
deprived of
sleep because they work too hard, stay out too late, or try to do too many things in a day. Adults who regularly sleep six hours or less might think they accomplish more by staying up late, but they pay for it the next day when they feel sleepy or irritable or are unable to concentrate, remember things, or be very effective at their work.
2 Studies show that the brain is
adversely
affected by sleep deprivation because certain patterns of electrical and chemical activity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally. In one study, thirteen healthy adult subjects who usually had normal sleep patterns were kept awake and carefully monitored in a hospital sleep laboratory during a period of 35 hours. During the experiment, the subjects were asked to perform several cognitive tasks, such as arithmetic and word problems, while undergoing magnetic resonance scans of their brain activity. The scans recorded each subject’s brain activity from a rested state through various stages of sleep deprivation over the 35-hour period. The scans produced images showing increased activity in some regions of the brain and decreased activity in
others
. The researchers found that the temporal lobe of the brain, the region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal tasks in rested subjects but not in sleep deprived subjects. When subjects were fully rested, their magnetic resonance scans showed that the temporal lobe was very active. However, after several hours without sleep, there was no activity within this region. The effects of the inactivity included slurred speech in the subjects who had gone for prolonged periods with no sleep.
3 Several studies show that getting fewer than six hours of sleep a night can impair short-term memory, coordination, reaction time, and judgment-thus posing a serious risk of accident or injury. In one study of drivers, researchers reported that sleep deprivation had some of the same hazardous effects as being drunk. They found that people who drove after being awake for 17 to 19 hours performed worse than those with a
blood alcohol level
of .05 percent, the legal limit for drunk driving in most western European countries. The study also found that 16 to 60 percent of road accidents involved sleep deprivation. The researchers concluded that countries with drunk driving laws should consider similar restrictions against sleep-deprived driving.
4 There are other problems associated with sleep deprivation beyond impaired motor skills and judgment. Drivers who get too little sleep may have higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression, may take unnecessary risks, or may express rage toward other drivers. These dangers affect not only drivers but also people who work long shifts or night shifts, such as medical personnel and other emergency workers. The dangers of sleep deprivation go far beyond the obvious risks and can, in fact, undermine all areas of an individual’s physical and mental health.
5 Sleep deprivation weakens the immune system, making an individual more prone to diseases such as the common cold and diabetes. Without sleep, the number of disease-fighting white blood cells within the body decreases, as does the activity of the remaining white blood cells. Sleep deprivation has been linked to a decrease in the body’s production of hormones such as insulin. Results of a recent study suggested that healthy young adults who regularly got under 6.5 hours of sleep a night had greater insulin resistance than people who got 7.5 to 8.5 hours of sleep. Insulin resistance is a silent condition in which the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body is unable to use the insulin that is present. Thus, the muscle and liver cells cannot metabolize the sugar called glucose. As a result, glucose builds up in the bloodstream,
setting the stage
for diabetes and heart disease.
Glcssary:
insomnia: the inability to fall asleep or remain asleep
jet lag: the disruption of bodily rhythms caused by high-speed travel across time zones
cognitive: relating to mental processes
Read the first sentence of a summary of the passage. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Sleep deprivation affects the human body in numerous ways. ______ ______ ______
Answer Choices
A. The average adult gets only 6.4 hours of sleep a night, which is less than the recommended eight hours.
B. Illness, depression, pain and discomfort at night, and significant life stress are common causes of insomnia.
C. Lack of sleep disrupts normal activity in parts of the brain, affecting one’s ability to perform certain tasks.
D. Subjects in one study were deprived of sleep for 35 hours, and their brain activity was scanned by magnetic resonance.
E. Sleep deprivation can have effects similar to being drunk, such as impairment of motor skills and judgment.
F. Not getting enough sleep can weaken the immune system and harm a person’s physical and mental health.
选项
答案
CEF
解析
Key information: ...the brain is adversely affected by sleep deprivation because certain patterns of electrical and chemical activity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally; ... after several hours without sleep, there was no activity within this region. The effects of the inactivity included slurred speech... ; ...getting fewer than six hours of sleep a night can impair... coordination, reaction time, and judgment...; In one study of drivers, researchers reported that sleep deprivation had some of the same hazardous effects as being drunk; The dangers of sleep deprivation... undermine all areas of an individual’s physical and mental health; Sleep deprivation weakens the immune system, making an individual more prone to diseases Answers (A) and (D) are minor ideas; answer (B) is not mentioned. (1.9)
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/P3yO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Completethesentencesbelow.ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes9-13onyouran
Completethesummarybelow.ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes21-26onyourans
HowdesertsareformedA.Adesertreferstoabarrensectionofland,mainlyinaridandsemi-aridareas,wherethereisal
TheInnovationofGroceryStoresA.Attheverybeginningofthe20thcentury,theAmericangrocerystoresofferedcomprehen
TheInnovationofGroceryStoresA.Attheverybeginningofthe20thcentury,theAmericangrocerystoresofferedcomprehen
Whichgroupgavethefollowingadvice?TickColumnAifitwasmainlywomen.TickColumnBifitwasmainlymen.TickColumnCi
WhichTWOofthefollowingaresalesstrategiesforchocolatesinItalyandGermany?AChangethelocationoftheproductonshe
TheTawnyOwlMost【L31】________owlspeciesinUKStronglynocturnalHabitatMainlylivesin【L32】________,butcanalsobeseeni
Oneofthe(mostimpressive)culturalachievementsoftheUnitedState(during)the1920’swasa(vastly)outpouringof(serious
(With)thediscovery(ofgold)intheKlondikeinCanada’sYukonTerritoryin1896,people(flockedsoon)therefrom(allparts)
随机试题
烹饪中运用较多的干肉皮是________。
角膜上皮感觉敏锐主要是因为()
鼻咽咽旁间隙在解剖学上间隙可以分为
蓄电池数量的选择,应保证直流母线电压在事故放电终了和充电末期均比额定电压高出8%。()
()是指除了信用评级不同外,其余条件全部相同(包括但不限于期限、嵌入条款等)两种债券收益率的差额。
巨大陨石的冲击造成恐龙绝种的理论,这一理论依据这样一个事实,即冲击造成的大片尘埃将地球周围的阳光遮住了几个月,使温度降低,并破坏了恐龙。如果以下各项为真,对结论提出最严重的质疑的是()。
马克思主义经典作家预见未来社会的科学立场和方法是()
Yourstoryaboutthefrogturningintoaprinceis______nonsense.
FreshwaterlifeitselfhasnevercomeeasyintheMiddleEast.EversinceTheOldTestament(旧约全书),Godpunishedmanwith40day
Chalkup(记下)anotherwinforcomputers.Software【C1】________attheUniversityofRochesterinNewYorkhasoutstripped(超过)hum
最新回复
(
0
)