首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Differences Between Cultures in Non-verbal Communications I. Cultural influence on nonverbal behaviour — Low-context cultures th
Differences Between Cultures in Non-verbal Communications I. Cultural influence on nonverbal behaviour — Low-context cultures th
admin
2017-12-07
52
问题
Differences Between Cultures in Non-verbal Communications
I. Cultural influence on nonverbal behaviour
— Low-context cultures think【T1】_____ is more important【T1】______
— High-context cultures think【T2】_____【T2】______
II.【T3】_____【T3】______
— America: women show fear, not anger; men show anger, not fear
— China & Japan:【T4】_____ are unacceptable to show overtly【T4】______
— A smile of a Japanese person does not necessarily mean
【T5】_____【T5】______
— To understand the cultural【T6】_____ and values【T6】______
will help interpret expressed emotions
III. Facial expression
— Commonalities
a)【T7】_____ expressions: a lack of control【T7】______
b)Too much smiling:【T8】_____【T8】______
— Differences:
a)Asian cultures:【T9】_____ facial expression【T9】______
b)Mediterranean cultures:【T10】_____ grief or sadness【T10】______
c)American culture: men hide grief or sorrow
IV. Proxemics
— North Americans prefer【T11】_____ personal spaces than Europeans【T11】______
— People who prefer closer spaces might see the attempt
to create more space as cold, condescending or【T12】_____【T12】______
— Americans and Canadians feel【T13】_____【T13】______
to rearrange furniture for a meeting
— Germans don’t agree with that
V. 【T14】______【T14】______
— America: take standing in lines seriously
— French:【T15】_____【T15】______
— Armenia one member of a family saves spots in a line for several others
【T14】
Differences Between Cultures in Non-verbal Communications
Good morning everyone. Today, we are going to continue our discussion about the non-verbal communication across cultures. Nonverbal communication is hugely important in any interaction with others; its importance is multiplied across cultures. This is because we tend to look for nonverbal cues when verbal messages are unclear or ambiguous, as they are more likely to be across cultures, especially when different languages are being used. Since nonverbal behavior arises from our cultural common sense—our ideas of what is appropriate, normal, and effective as communication in relationships—we use different systems of understanding gestures, posture, silence, spacial relations, emotional expression, touch, physical appearance, and other nonverbal cues. Cultures also attribute different degrees of importance to verbal and nonverbal behavior.[1]Low-context cultures like the United States and Canada tend to give relatively less emphasis to nonverbal communication. This does not mean that nonverbal communication does not happen, or that it is unimportant,[1]but that people in these settings tend to place less importance on it than on the literal meanings of words of themselves.[2]In high-context settings such as Japan or Colombia, understanding the nonverbal components of communication is relatively more important to receiving the intended meaning of the communication as a whole.
Some elements of nonverbal communication are consistent across cultures. For example, research has shown that the emotions of enjoyment, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, and surprise are expressed in similar ways by people around the world. Today, I will mainly focus on the differences and introduce the variables of non-verbal differences across cultures.
[3]The first difference surfaces with respect to which emotions are acceptable to display in various cultural settings, and by whom. For instance, it may be more social acceptable in some settings in the United States for women to show fear, but not anger, and for men to display anger, but not fear. At the same time, interpretation of facial expressions across cultures is difficult.[4]In China and Japan, for example, a facial expression that would be recognized around the world as conveying happiness may actually express anger or mask sadness, both of which are unacceptable to show overtly. These differences of interpretation may lead to conflict, or escalate existing conflict.[5]Suppose a Japanese person is explaining her absence from negotiations due to a death in her family. She may do so with a smile, based on her cultural belief that it is not appropriate to inflict the pain of grief on others.[5]For a Westerner who understands smiles to mean friendliness and happiness, this smile may seem incongruous and even cold, under the circumstances. Even though some facial expressions may be similar across cultures, their interpretations remain culture-specific.[6]It is important to understand something about cultural starting-points and values in order to interpret emotions expressed in cross-cultural interactions.
Since we have touched upon the relation between emotion and facial expressions, let me now talk a little bit about facial expressions. While some say that facial expressions are identical, meaning attached to them differs. Majority opinion is that these do have similar meanings world-wide with respect to smiling, crying, or showing anger, sorrow, or disgust[7]/[8]For example, some see "animated" expressions as a sign of a lack of control and too much smiling is viewed as a sign of shallowness. Despite these resemblances across cultures, facial expressions do vary from culture to culture. For instance,[9]many Asian cultures suppress facial expression as much as possible.[10]Many Mediterranean cultures exaggerate grief or sadness while most American men hide grief or sorrow.
The second variable across cultures has to do with proxemics, or ways of relating to space. Crossing cultures, we encounter very different ideas about polite space for conversations and negotiations.[11]North Americans tend to prefer a large amount of space, perhaps because they are surrounded by it in their homes and countryside. Europeans tend to stand more closely with each other when talking, and are accustomed to smaller personal spaces. In a comparison of North American and French children on a beach, a researcher noticed that the French children tended to stay in a relatively small space near their parents, while U.S. children ranged up and down a large area of the beach. The difficulty with space preferences is not that they exist, but the judgments that get attached to them.[12]If someone is accustomed to standing or sitting very close when they are talking with another, they may see the other’s attempt to create more space as evidence of coldness, condescension, or a lack of interest. Those who are accustomed to more personal space may view attempts to get closer as pushy, disrespectful, or aggressive. Neither is correct—they are simply different. Also related to space is the degree of comfort we feel moving furniture or other objects. It is said that a German executive working in the United States became so upset with visitors to his office moving the guest chair to suit themselves that he had it bolted to the floor.[13]Contrast this with U.S. and Canadian mediators and conflict-resolution trainers, whose first step in preparing for a meeting is not infrequently a complete rearrangement of the furniture.
[14]Finally, line-waiting behavior and behavior in group settings like grocery stores or government offices is culturally-influenced. Novinger reports that the English and U.S. Americans are serious about standing in lines, in accordance with their beliefs in democracy and the principle of "first come, first served."[15]The French, on the other hand, have a practice of resquillage, or line jumping, that irritates many British and U.S. Americans. In another example, immigrants from Armenia report that it is difficult to adjust to a system of waiting in line, when their home context permitted one member of a family to save spots for several others.
In closing, I would like to say that these examples of differences related to nonverbal communication are only the tip of the iceberg. Careful observation, ongoing study from a variety of sources, and cultivating relationships across cultures will all help develop the cultural fluency to work effectively with nonverbal communication differences.
选项
答案
Line-waiting behavio(u)r
解析
讲座的最后一点是在排队行为上表现的差异,所以本题答案为Line-waiting behavio(u)r。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/P8sK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Issuesconcerninghumanlearningareamongthecriticaltopicsineducationalpsychology,childdevelopment,andcognitivescie
Peoplelearnlanguagesallthetime,andforallkindsofreasons.Forexample,youprobablyhavevariousreasonstostudy【M1】__
Peoplelearnlanguagesallthetime,andforallkindsofreasons.Forexample,youprobablyhavevariousreasonstostudy【M1】__
Secondlanguageacquisitiontheoryseekstoquantifyhowandbywhatprocessesindividualsacquireasecondlanguage.Thepredom
Secondlanguageacquisitiontheoryseekstoquantifyhowandbywhatprocessesindividualsacquireasecondlanguage.Thepredom
TheNationalEcologicalObservatoryNetwork,fundedbyCongressfor$434million,willequip106U.S.siteswithsensorstogat
There’saschooloflinguisticsthatbelieveslanguagelearningbeginswitha"silentperiod".Justasbabieslearntoproduce
A、Questionthenormalwaythatwedothings.B、Bringdoubttoourassumptionsaboutscience.C、Changethebalancebetweendaily
Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandgenderhaslongbeenofinterestwithinsociolinguisticsandrelateddisciplines.Early2
随机试题
下列关于保税仓库的叙述,不正确的是()
糖皮质激素冲击疗法适用于
患者,男,20岁。输血10分钟后出现头胀、四肢麻木、腰背部剧痛、呼吸急促、血压下降、黄疸。患者尿液中可含有
引起脑萎缩的最常见原因是( )。
治疗原则主要讨论治疗疾病的基本原则和一些具体的治疗方法:如早治防变、治病求本、扶正祛邪、调整阴阳、调理气血、调理脏腑以及因时、因地、因人制宜等内容。心脏病患者患感冒后先治疗感冒,属于
三国两晋南北朝时期随着社会政治经济关系的变化,法律内容也有所发展,主要表现在礼法结合进一步发展。下列哪些情形属于具体表现?()
下列关于工程施工合同索赔,程序描述正确的有( )。
2017年11月,A公司赊销一批商品给B公司,含税价为15万元。由于B公司发生财务困难,无法偿付该应付账款。2018年6月1日,A公司与B公司进行债务重组,A公司同意B公司以其普通股3万股抵偿该项债务,该股票每股面值为1元,每股市价为4元。A公司对该项债权
通货紧缩是指由于货币供应量的减少或货币供应量的增长滞后于生产增长的幅度,以致引起对商品和劳务的总需求小于总供给,从而导致物价总水平下降的现象。据此回答下题:近年来,我国为化解通货紧缩采取了如下有效措施_______。①中国人民银行连续降息②
下列说法不正确的是____________。
最新回复
(
0
)