首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Keep Our Seas Clean A)By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world’s population could have increased to around 12 billion
Keep Our Seas Clean A)By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world’s population could have increased to around 12 billion
admin
2016-09-21
57
问题
Keep Our Seas Clean
A)By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world’s population could have increased to around 12 billion. Of these, some 60 percent will live within 60 km of the sea. The agricultural and industrial activities required to support this population will increase the already significant pressures on fertile coastal areas. Death and disease caused by polluted coastal waters costs the global e-conomy US $12.8 billion a year. Plastic waste kills up to 1 million sea birds, 100,000 sea mammals and countless fish each year.
B)One significant impact of human activity is marine pollution. The most visible and familiar is oil pollution caused by tanker accidents and tank washing at sea, and in addition to the gross visible short-term impacts, severe long-term problems can also result. In the case of the Exxon Valdez which ran onto a shore in Alaska in 1989, biological impacts from the oil spill can still be identified 15 years after the event The Prestige which sank off the Spanish coast late in 2002, resulted in huge economic losses as it polluted more than 100 beaches in France and Spain and effectively destroyed the local fishing industry.
C)Despite the scale and visibility of such impacts, the total quantities of pollutants entering the sea from the long line of catastrophic oil spills appeared small compared with those of pollutants introduced directly and indirectly from other sources, including domestic sewage, industrial discharges, leakages from waste tips, urban and industrial run-off, accidents, spillages, explosions, sea dumping operations, oil production, mining, agriculture nutrients and pesticides, waste heat sources, and radioactive discharges. Land based sources are estimated to account for around 44 percent of the pollutants entering the sea and atmospheric inputs account for an estimated 33 percent. By contrast, transport on the sea accounts for 12 percent.
D)The impacts of pollution vary. Nutrient pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture can result in unsightly and possibly dangerous "blooms" of algae(藻类)in coastal waters. As these blooms die and decay they use up the oxygen in the water. This has led, in some areas, to "creeping dead zones"(CDZ), where oxygen dissolved in the water falls to levels unable to sustain marine life. Industrial pollution also contributes to these dead zones.
E)Radioactive(放射性的)pollution has many causes, including the normal operation of nuclear power stations, but by far the single biggest sources of man-made radioactive elements in the sea are the nuclear fuel reprocessing plants at La Hague in France and at Sellafield in the UK Waste released from them has resulted in the widespread pollution of living marine resources over a wide area; radioactive elements traceable to reprocessing can be found in seaweeds as far away as the West Greenland Coast.
F)Trace metal pollution from metal mining, production and processing industries can damage the health of marine plants and animals and render some seafoods unfit for human consumption. The contribution of human activities can be very significant: the amount of mercury introduced to the environment by industrial activities is around four times the amount released through natural processes such as weathering and erosion(腐蚀).
G)The input of man-made chemicals to the oceans potentially involves an overwhelming number of different substances. 63,000 different chemicals are thought to be in use worldwide with 3,000 accounting for 90 percent of the total production amount. Each year, anywhere up to 1,000 new synthetic chemicals may be brought onto the market. Of all these chemicals some 4,500 fall into the most serious category. These are known as persistent organic pollutants(POPs). They’re resistant to breakdown and have the potential to accumulate in the tissues of living organisms(all marine life), causing hormone disruption which can, in turn, cause reproductive problems, induce cancer, suppress the immune system and interfere with normal mental development in children.
H)POPs can also be transported long distances in the atmosphere and deposited in cold regions. As a result, Inuit populations who live in the Arctic a long distance from the sources of these pollutants are among the most severely influenced people on the planet, since they rely on fat-rich marine food sources such as fish and seals. POPs are also thought to be responsible for some polar bear populations failing to reproduce normally. Scarily, seafoods consumed by people living in warm and mild regions are also affected by POPs. Oily fish tend to accumulate POPs in their bodies and these can be passed to human consumers. When oily fish are rendered down into fish meal and fish oils and subsequently used to feed other animals, then this too can act as a pathway to humans. Farmed fish and shellfish, dairy cattle, poultry and pigs are all fed fish meal in certain countries, and so meat and dairy products as well as farmed and wild fish can act as further sources of these chemicals to humans.
I)The North and Baltic Seas also contain some of the world’s busiest shipping lanes. 200,000 ships cross the North Sea every year. Many goods transported by ships are hazardous(half the goods carried at sea can be described as dangerous)and loss of dangerous cargoes can result in damage to the marine environment. Chemical tank washings, discharge of oily wastes and wash waters are all significant sources of marine pollution.
J)In addition there is always the risk of a major oil spill, a risk made worse by the fact that some of the tankers that routinely travel through still have only one body-frame or have other technical defects and crews who are poorly educated. In November 2002, the Prestige oil tanker went down off the coast of Spain with 70,000 tons of oil on board which polluted 2,890 km of coastline. A few days earlier it had been crossing the Baltic.
K)Some sources of pollution have been brought under control by international legislation. Countries which signed the London Convention have agreed to stop the dumping of radioactive and industrial waste at sea. The OSPAR Convention regulates marine pollution in the North East Atlantic Region while countries which signed the Stockholm Convention have committed themselves to the phase out of a number of persistent organic pollutants. Within the European Community, the Water Framework Directive may be expected to bring further reductions in polluting inputs, although it will be over a very long time frame. The additional benefit of the new EU REACH(Registration Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals)initiative, which aims to regulate the production and use of dangerous chemicals at source, remains to be seen.
Oil pollution caused by tanker accidents and tank washing at sea is considered as the most visible and familiar marine pollution.
选项
答案
B
解析
根据题目的关键信息the most visible and familiar可定位到B段,该段第2句指出最显而易见和为人熟悉的海洋污染源,与题目表述一致,故为答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/PAY7777K
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
EndangeredPeoplesA)Today,itisnotdistance,butculturethatseparatesthepeoplesoftheworld.Thecentralquestionofour
TheGreatWallisthesymboloftheChinesenationandChinesepeopleareproudofit.TheGreatWallismorethan6350kilomete
LiBaitogetherwithDuFuisconsideredthegreatestoftheTangdynastypoets.TheyareasimportantinChineseliteraryhisto
Stuntpeople(替身演员)arenotmoviestars,buttheyarethehiddenheroesofmanymovies.Theywerearoundlongbeforefilms.E
Stuntpeople(替身演员)arenotmoviestars,buttheyarethehiddenheroesofmanymovies.Theywerearoundlongbeforefilms.E
Stuntpeople(替身演员)arenotmoviestars,buttheyarethehiddenheroesofmanymovies.Theywerearoundlongbeforefilms.E
A、Goonworkingtoday.B、Askforasickleave.C、Changethetimeofthemeeting.D、Gotohospitalatonce.A
TheRedistributionofHopeA)"HOPE"isoneofthemostoverusedwordsinpubliclife,uptherewith"change".Yetitmatterseno
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledWhatMatters,YourLooksorYourInnerQuality?Yousho
随机试题
单位在银行开立的人民币结算账户分为()。
抑制胃酸分泌作用最强的药物是
糖尿病患者在家注射正规胰岛素,出现极度饥饿、软弱、手抖、出汗、头晕等,此时应当
某承包商与建设单位签订建造一栋办公楼的合同,合同规定办公大楼的总造价为6000万元,则该合同是()。
E公司只产销一种甲产品,甲产品只消耗乙材料。2015年第4季度按定期预算法编制2016年的企业预算。部分预算资料如下:资料一:乙材料2016年年初的预计结存量为2000千克,各季度末乙材料的预计结存量数据如表1所示:每季度乙材料的购货款于当季支付40
国家在必要时设立特别行政区,在特别行政区内实行的制度由()规定。
英国医生约翰斯诺的“污水理论”开启了流行病学研究的历史。1854年,伦敦爆发了大规模的霍乱,约翰斯诺发现,大多数死亡病例都曾经饮用同一水泵汲取的水,而使用其他水泵或水井的人最初都没有感染霍乱。后经调查,下水道的废水污染了那个水泵,从而引发了霍乱。以下哪一选
设α1,α2,α3线性无关,β1可由α1,α2,α3线性表示,β2不可由α1,α2,α3线性表示,对任意的常数k有().
[*]
HowOnlineDatingWorksOneofthebasichumanimpulsesistodeveloparomanticrelationship——andmaybeevenfallinlove.
最新回复
(
0
)