首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
In most systems of medicine, the healer artfully evokes the patient’s powers of self-suggestion, which are responsible for whate
In most systems of medicine, the healer artfully evokes the patient’s powers of self-suggestion, which are responsible for whate
admin
2010-08-04
47
问题
In most systems of medicine, the healer artfully evokes the patient’s powers of self-suggestion, which are responsible for whatever healing may occur. This mysterious gift of self-healing is cloaked with an anodyne(止痛的) label, the "placebo effect", and recognized only as a nuisance likely to confound clinical trials. But the placebo ( Latin for "I will please" ) and its shadowy twin the nocebo ( "I will harm" ) are much more than methodological problems: they lie at the heart of every interaction between doctor and patient.
How they work no one knows. But the brain rules the body in many subconscious ways, including its control of the body’s major hormones and its subtle influence over the immune system. So it’s possible that, in ways yet unknown, expectations about health or disease are sometimes translated in to a bodily reaction that fulfils them. The power of these effects is hard to overstate.
A rule of thumb is that 30 percent of patients in the placebo half of a drug trial ( i. e. those who unknowingly receive a dummy pill instead of the real thing) will experience all improvement in symptoms. But the proportion may be much higher. Just like real drugs, placebo pills can produce stronger effects in larger doses. Patients will report greater relief when given a larger pill, or two dummy capsules instead of one.
Doctors’ expectations also contribute to the awesome power of the placebo effect. In a study of tooth extraction, patients were given either a painkiller or sham drugs. Some dentists were assigned to give either drug, without knowing which, but other dentists knew they would be giving only sham drugs. The patients whose dentists thought they had at least a 50-50 chance of giving a painkiller suffered significantly less pain. Presumably, doctors transmit their expectations to the patient through subtle cues, often without knowing they are doing so.
According to paragraph three, what can we learn about the experiment?
选项
A、30% of the patients take placebos.
B、The effect of placebo has nothing to do with the dose.
C、Patients feel still better if they are given two instead of one placebo.
D、Patients know they are taking placebos rather than real drugs.
答案
C
解析
该段第四句说placebo pills can produce stronger effects in larger doses,第五句又进一步具体地说病人如果服用一个大点的药丸或吃两个而不是一个,就会报告说感觉更好,故选C)。该段第二句意思是说,在一次药物实验中,有一半人服用了placebo(in the placebo half of a drug trial),在这一半人中,有30%的人症状有改善,并不是所有病人的30%服用placebo,排除A);B)与第四句的说法正好相反,排除 B);第二句括号里的部分明确说那些服用placebo的人是unknowingly(不明真相地)接受了一个假药丸(即placebo),排除D)。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/PDA7777K
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
A、Asciencefictioncartoon.B、Ascientificprogram.C、Amovieonpersonalitydisorders.D、AdramasetinNewYorkCity.B
Creativityisnotsomethingoneisjustbornwith,norisitnecessarilyacharacteristicofhighintelligence.Apersonishigh
Creativityisnotsomethingoneisjustbornwith,norisitnecessarilyacharacteristicofhighintelligence.Apersonishigh
Creativityisnotsomethingoneisjustbornwith,norisitnecessarilyacharacteristicofhighintelligence.Apersonishigh
Creativityisnotsomethingoneisjustbornwith,norisitnecessarilyacharacteristicofhighintelligence.Apersonishigh
A、Patientanddoctor.B、Wifeandhusband.C、Customerandshopassistant.D、studentandteacher.B
Robotsdomakemistakessometimes.Buttheyarenotresponsibleforthemistakes.Inoneautomobilefactory,,forexample,thed
A、Shewilldosomethingaboutthenoise.B、Shewillturnoffherrecorder.C、Sheisnotresponsibleforthenoise.D、Shewantst
ABritishsurgeonplanstoofferpartialface【S1】______surgerytofourpatients—lessthanayearafterFrenchsurgeons【S2】______
随机试题
A.沙奎那韦B.多柔比星C.头孢氨苄D.利巴韦林E.青霉素钠具有抗艾滋病作用的药为
合成和释放血管性假性血友病因子(vWF)的是
坏死性小肠炎最常见的受累部位以_________为主。
下列财产所有权的取得方式中属于原始取得方式的是()。
马歇尔试验的技术指标包括()。
在企业价值评估中,公开信息资料的收集可从下列选项中的()获得。
当事人之间不存在管辖协议时,下列关于民事诉讼地域管辖的表述中,不符合民事诉讼法律制度规定的是()。(2017年)
下列选项中,哪一种算法的安全性是建立在大素数分解的基础上,素数分解是一个极其困难的问题()。
Please______yourreportcarefullybeforeyouhanditintome.
Thefollowingisthecontentsofabookonstocks.Afterreadingit,youarerequiredtofindtheitemsequivalentto(与……相同)th
最新回复
(
0
)