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  3. The selfishness of humans is a central assumption of orthodox(传统的)economics, where it is thought to lead to benefits for the eco

The selfishness of humans is a central assumption of orthodox(传统的)economics, where it is thought to lead to benefits for the eco

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问题     The selfishness of humans is a central assumption of orthodox(传统的)economics, where it is thought to lead to benefits for the economy as a whole. It is what the 18th-century Scottish economist Adam Smith described as the " invisible hand". But evolutionary biologists have come to see cooperation and selflessness as a big part of our【C1】______as a species. During the course of our evolution, they point out, cooperative groups【C2】______outcompeted groups of cheats.
    So we are inherently cooperative when operating within our own groups. We have also【C3】______social mechanisms to reinforce actions that benefit the group. "You could say teamwork at the scale of small groups is the signature【C4】______of our species," says evolutionary biologist David Sloan Wilson from Binghamton University in New York.
    But【C5】______teamwork can include a competition mechanism to promote actions that benefit the group, particularly in larger groups. It’s also important to remember that in-group cooperation evolved partly in response to competition between groups.
    This evolutionary perspective is radically new to economics, and it could be relevant to grand-scale economic problems that require solutions involving cooperation between nations. Take the challenge of getting nations to work together over economic solutions to climate change—a【C6】______focus in the runup to climate negotiations in Paris, France, later this year. This is a gargantuan(巨大的)problem from any perspective, but it is【C7】______an issue of coordination for the sake of the common good at a massive scale, says Wilson. "The challenge is therefore to【C8】______at larger scales the coordination and control that takes place more spontaneously at smaller scales," he says—from multicellular(多细胞的)organisms to village-sized groups of humans.
    "Morality evolved out of cooperation within and competition between groups, so when acting as a single group to tackle global problems we will have to【C9】______the role of natural selection ourselves," Wilson says. This might involve pursuing a wide variety of【C10】______, identifying those that work best, and then creating incentives to cooperate on implementation. "In some ways it’s the opposite of the invisible hand. "
A)adaptation
B)assume
C)compel
D)consistently
E)developed
F)effective
G)essentially
H)implement
I)particular
J)promptly
K)remarkable
L)rumor
M)strategies
N)success
O)suspicion
【C3】
选项
答案E
解析 空格处是句子的谓语部分，后面有宾语social mechanisms，前面有助动词have，据此推断应填入动词的过去分词形式，与have一起构成现在完成时。前一句中提到人类在自己团队间运作时本能地就会团结一致，后一句承接上文说明，人类也逐渐形成了一些能够对团队有益的社会机制，再结合备选项可知，动词过去分词形式的只有E)developed“发展”，故答案为E)。备选项中B)assume“认定，假设”，C)compel“迫使”和H)implement“实施，贯彻”与上下文语法要求及语义不符，故均排除。
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