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  3. Black holes are one of only a fairly small number of cases in the history of science in which a theory was developed in great de

Black holes are one of only a fairly small number of cases in the history of science in which a theory was developed in great de

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问题    Black holes are one of only a fairly small number of cases in the history of science in which a theory was developed in great detail as a mathematical model before there was any evidence from observations that it was correct. 【F1】Indeed, this used to be the main argument of opponents of black holes: how could one believe in objects for which the only evidence was calculations based on the dubious theory of general relativity? In 1963, however, Maarten Schmidt, an astronomer at the Palomar Observatory in California, measured the red shift of a faint starlike object in the direction of the source of radio waves called 3C273. He found it too large to be caused by a gravitational field: if it had been a gravitational red shift, the object would have to be so massive and so near to us that it would disturb the orbits of planets in the Solar System. 【F2】This suggested that the red shift was instead caused by the expansion of the universe, which, in turn, meant that the object was a very long distance away. And to be visible at such a great distance, the object must be very bright, must, in other words, be emitting a huge amount of energy. 【F3】The only mechanism that people could think of that would produce such large quantities of energy seemed to be the gravitational collapse not just of a star but of a whole central region of a galaxy.
   Further encouragement for the existence of black holes came in 1967 with the discovery by a research student at Cambridge, Jocelyn Bell-Burnell, of objects in the sky that were emitting regular pulses of radio waves. At the seminar at which Bell and her supervisor announced their discovery, I remember that they called the first four sources to be found LGM 1-4, LGM standing for "Little Green Men." In the end, however, they and everyone else came to the less romantic conclusion that these objects were in fact rotating neutron stars (中子星) that were emitting pulses of radio waves because of a complicated interaction between their magnetic fields and surrounding matter. 【F4】This was bad news for writers of space westerns, but very hopeful for the small number of us who believed in black holes at that time: it was the first positive evidence that neutron stars existed. A neutron star has a radius of about ten miles, only a few times the critical radius at which a star becomes a black hole. 【F5】If a star could collapse to such a small size, it is not unreasonable to expect that other stars could collapse to even smaller size and become black holes.
【F2】
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答案这恰恰表明红移是由宇宙膨胀引起的，反过来说明该物体离我们十分遥远。
解析 ①本句是多重复合句，句子的主干是This suggested that…，对前文内容作进一步说明。其中宾语是由that引导的从句充当。宾语从句1谓语部分使用被动语态be caused by，说明某事物是由什么引起的。②which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰前面整个句子，补充说明该物体距离我们很遥远。此从句中还包括that引导的宾语从句，作meant的宾语。
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