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  3. (1) In The Art of Choosing, Sheena Iyengar, a business professor at Columbia University and a leading expert on decision making,

(1) In The Art of Choosing, Sheena Iyengar, a business professor at Columbia University and a leading expert on decision making,

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问题     (1) In The Art of Choosing, Sheena Iyengar, a business professor at Columbia University and a leading expert on decision making, tells us that making sound choices is even more difficult than we think. To learn how to make better decisions, we first need to become aware of the pitfalls (陷阱) we typically encounter.
    (2) Iyengar reveals, for example, that having many options to choose from does not lead to better outcomes, despite popular assumptions to the contrary. For instance, she found that consumers were far more likely to buy jam when given fewer flavor choices, not more. "We frequently pay a mental and emotional tax for freedom of choice, " she writes. To become better choosers, Iyengar proposes that when confronted with an abundance of options, people should focus first on the easiest elements of the decision and work up to the more complex parts.
    (3) She illustrates this point using one study in which Audi buyers had to choose among 144 total car features. One group started with the features that required fewer options, such as whether they wanted leather or upholstered interiors, and worked up to features with many options, such as choosing among 56 colors for the car’s interior and exterior. The other group started with the hardest choices and moved toward the easier ones. In the end, those in the group that went from the hardest to easiest spent an average of 1500 euros more on their cars than the other group and reported they were less happy with their decisions.
    (4) Iyengar also explains that we often make decisions not based on our tastes but on how we think our decisions will be perceived. In 2000 a team of psychologists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Columbia University showed that people receiving a free sample of beer chose against their tastes to avoid looking like copycats to their peers. Individuals who picked their beers in private, however, chose what they enjoyed and said they were happy with their decisions. Iyengar points out that the people who chose against their tastes were often unconscious of what motivated their decisions. Thus, she proposes that one way to avoid strong and sometimes silent influences is to try to become more aware of them in the first place.
    (5) Ultimately, Iyengar wants us to recognize that our decisions—both the mundane (普通的) and momentous—are influenced by many factors and that the more we recognize those factors, the more satisfied we will be. (本文选自 www. sheenaiyengar. com)
According to Para. 4, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
选项 A、People chose beer against their tastes so that they wouldn’t be thought to imitate others.
B、People could realize what caused them to choose against their own tastes in public.
C、People enjoyed beer that they chose in private and were satisfied with the choice.
D、People often chose beer they enjoyed in private but against their tastes in public.
答案B
解析 细节题。原文第四段第四句指出，那些违背自己品味做出选择的人经常意识不到是什么促使他们做此决定，B“人们能意识到是什么导致他们在公共场合时做出违背自身喜好的选择”是错误的表述，故为本题答案。而该段第二句提到，喝免费啤酒的人选择违背自身喜好的口味是为了避免被认为是模仿者，所以A是对原文的同义转述，符合文义，故排除；本段第三句提到，私下挑选啤酒的人会选择自己喜欢的口味并表示对自己的决定感到很高兴，因此C符合文义，故排除；D“在私下场合里人们进行选择时经常会按照自己的喜好来选，而在公开场合则会违背自身的喜好”可以很明显地从第四段的实验中推断得出，所以也是正确的陈述，故排除。
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