首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. How much hig
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. How much hig
admin
2014-08-25
37
问题
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
How much higher? How much faster?
Limits to human sporting performance are not yet in sight
Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space. For the so-called power events – that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump -times and distances have improved ten to twenty per cent. In the endurance events the results have been more dramatic, At the 1908 Olympics, John Hayes of the U.S. team ran a marathon in a time of 2:55:18. In 1999, Morocco’s Khalid Khannouchi set a new world record of 2:05:42, almost thirty per cent faster.
No one theory can explain improvements in performance, but the most important factor has been genetics.The athlete must choose his parents carefully’ says Jesus Dapena, a sports scientist at Indiana University, invoking an oftcited adage. Over the past century, the composition of the human gene pool has not changed appreciably, but with increasing global participation in athletics - and greater rewards to tempt athletes - it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early. Was there someone like [sprinter] Michael Johnson in the 1920s?’ Dapena asks. ’I’m sure there was, but his talent was probably never realised.’
Identifying genetically talented individuals is only the first step. Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University at Fullerton, maintains that ’genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do. But with the right training we can go much further with that one third than we’ve been going.’ Yessis believes that U.S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are ’running on their genetics’. By applying more scientific methods, ’they’re going to go much faster’. These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyo-metrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.
Whereas most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power - the rate at which an athlete can expend energy. When a sprinter runs, Yessis explains, her foot stays in contact with the ground for just under a tenth of a second, half of which is devoted to landing and the other half to pushing off. Plyometric exercises help athletes make the best use of this brief interval.
Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed to address adequately. ’Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition, even through supplements,’ Yessis insists. Each activity has its own nutritional needs. Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries.
Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken. ’If we applied the Russian training model to some of the outstanding runners we have in this country,’ Yessis asserts, ’they would be breaking records left and right.’ He will not predict by how much, however: ’Exactly what the limits are it’s hard to say, but there will be increases even if only by hundredths of a second, as long as our training continues to improve.’
One of the most important new methodologies is biomechanics, the study of the body in motion. A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes her performance, recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions. By applying Newton’s laws to these motions,’we can say that this athlete’s run is not fast enough; that this one is not using his arms strongly enough during take-off,’ says Dapena, who uses these methods to help high jumpers. To date, however, biomechanics has made only a small difference to athletic performance.
Revolutionary ideas still come from the athletes themselves. For example, during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, a relatively unknown high jumper named Dick Fosbury won the gold by going over the bar backwards, in complete contradiction of all the received high-jumping wisdom, a move instantly dubbed the Fosbury flop. Fosbury himself did not know what he was doing. That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists, who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations. Fosbury also required another element that lies behind many improvements in athletic performance: an innovation in athletic equipment. In Fosbury’s case, it was the cushions that jumpers land on. Traditionally, high jumpers would land in pits filled with sawdust. But by Fosbury’s time, sawdust pits had been replaced by soft foam cushions, ideal for flopping.
In the end, most people who examine human performance are humbled by the resourcefulness of athletes and the powers of the human body. Once you study athletics, you learn that it’s a vexingly complex issue,’ says John S. Raglin, a sports psychologist at Indiana University. ’Core performance is not a simple or mundane thing of higher; fasten longer So many variables enter into the equation, and our understanding in many cases is fundamental. We’ve got a long way to go.’ For the foreseeable future, records will be made to be broken.
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
Performance has improved most greatly in events requiring an intensive burst of energy.
选项
A、真
B、假
C、NOT GIVEN
答案
B
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/PXNO777K
本试题收录于:
雅思阅读题库雅思(IELTS)分类
0
雅思阅读
雅思(IELTS)
相关试题推荐
Questionsarebasedonthefollowingdata.ApproximatelyhowmuchofthemunicipalspendinginBergenCountywasfundedbycom
Thereareatotalof21applesandavocadosatabasket.Iftheratioofthenumberofavocadostothenumberofapplesattheb
ThesequenceofnumbersC1,C2,C3,…Cn…isdefinedbyC1=1,C2=1,andCn=0.2Cn-1foreachintegerngreaterthan2.Quant
Questionsarebasedonthefollowingdata.Thereare275studentsinthefieldofengineeringatUniversityX.Approximatelyw
Aresearcherhasfoundthatthenumberofworkhoursneededtotypein5wordsisdirectlyproportionaltothesquarerootofs.
Astheyearswentby,Kingsley’slettersdisplayedhimdecliningintoaconstantofaestheticintolerance;hedisplayed______d
A、Thesheepwaschosenasanidealsubjectbecauseofitsgeneticdevelopment,notforitsprecedenceasaresearchsubject.B、T
Thisconfoundingissue______activistsacrosstheboard:evenwhenamovementdoeshavespecificdemandsandrecommendations,t
SUMMARY:
(Thispassagewaswrittenpriorto1950)Wenowknowthatwhatconstitutespracticallyallofmatterisemptyspa
随机试题
根据诉讼行为的内容不同,期间可以分为羁押期限、通知送达期限、司法机关办结案件的期限、某些申诉期限和上诉、抗诉期限、其他重要诉讼期限。
不属于增大威胁压力的技巧的是()
心尖部全收缩期粗糙一贯性杂音见于
短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)每次出现神经症状的持续时间不应超过()
下列哪项不是氨基酸脱氨基后生成的α-酮酸的代谢去路
下列各药物中属于碳青霉烯类抗生素的是()
A.紧脉B.滑脉C.弦脉D.疾脉E.洪脉端直以长,如按琴弦的脉象称为()
《公路桥梁技术状况评定标准》(JTG/TH21—2011)中,梁式桥上部结构技术状况评定的对象不包括()。
(2016年卷二第94题)根据植物新品种保护条例及相关规定,下列哪些行为可以不经品种权人许可,不向其支付使用费?
文化——历史发展理论的提出者是()。
最新回复
(
0
)