首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals to
We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals to
admin
2010-01-13
50
问题
We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist ( 免疫学家) Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what wakens the immune system.
Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don’t develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are conditioned to confront with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively even when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.
One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (使形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin (糖精) by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader reexposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.
Laudenslager’s experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity______.
选项
A、was altered
B、was strengthened
C、was weakened
D、was not affected
答案
D
解析
因为由第一段可知,Landenslager发现那些无助的老鼠(而不是那些可以随时切断电流的老鼠)的免疫反应是低于正常的。换句话说,实验表明那些能够切断电源的老鼠的免疫力是没受到影响的。故选D项。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Pami777K
0
在职申硕(同等学力)英语
相关试题推荐
In400A.D.Chinesechildrenplayedwithafan-liketoythatspanupwardsandfellbacktoearthas______ceased.
Itisnoteasytoremaintranquilwheneventssuddenlychangeyourlife.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;mostcountrieshaveastyleoftheirown.【C1】______theturnofthecenturywhenjazz(爵士乐)wasborn,Am
Visualimpairment(视觉障碍)carrieswithitareducedorrestrictedabilitytotravelthroughone’sphysicalandsocialenvironmentu
Visualimpairment(视觉障碍)carrieswithitareducedorrestrictedabilitytotravelthroughone’sphysicalandsocialenvironmentu
Americanculturehasnotbeenimmunetoculturalinfluencesfromoutside.TheideaofdemocracycamefromtheancientGreeks:th
Ihaveaninfatuation(迷恋)withautumn.Thecolorsoftheseason,andthesmells,havealwaysthrilledme.Ihavealwaysfoundjoy
MostpeoplewouldbeimpressedbythehighqualityofmedicineavailabletomostAmericans.Thereisalotofspecialization,a
Excerpt1Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodytodevelopimmunitytothevirusordiseasesothat,ifiti
Excerpt1Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodytodevelopimmunitytothevirusordiseasesothat,ifiti
随机试题
A、Heoftenborrowsmoneyfromothers.B、Hehasjustreceivedhismonthlypay.C、Hecan’tpayoffhiscreditcards.D、Hehaskept
女性,27岁,已婚。停经49天,阴道少量出血3天伴阵发性下腹痛。检查:宫口未开,子宫与停经天数相符合,本例最可能的诊断是
患儿,7岁。活动后气促5年余。1.5岁始出现活动后气促、乏力、口唇及指(趾)端发绀,喜欢下蹲位,可见杵状指。首先应考虑的疾病是
有价证券的流动性是通过承兑、贴现和交易等方式实现的。()
一桩投毒谋杀案,作案者要么是甲,要么是乙,二者必有其一;所用毒药或者是毒鼠强,或者是乐果,二者至少其一。如果上述断定为真,则以下哪一项推断一定成立?()I.该投毒案不是甲投毒鼠强所为。因此,一定是乙投乐果所为。Ⅱ.在该案侦破中,发现甲投了毒鼠强
2011年,某市工业企业(规模以上,下同)用水总量193.27亿立方米,比上年减少1.66亿立方米。其中,取水总量41.26亿立方米,增加0.57亿立方米;河湖海冷却水86.25亿立方米,增加1.09亿立方米。从取水结构来看,与2008年相比,201
Theplanetsseemedlikeprettysmallplaces.Atthesametime,Earthseemedalotlargerthanitdoesnow.Noonehadeverseen
供应商关系管理的成功关键包括对供应商定期的审核及管理,在审核供应商的过程中,需要考虑的内容不包括()。
将考生文件夹下KENT文件夹中的文件MONITOR.CDX移动到考生文件夹下KUNTER.文件夹中,并改名为CONSOLE.CDX。
Thereisonekindofpainforwhichnobodyhasyetdevisedacure—thepainthatcomesfromtheendingofarelationship.Therel
最新回复
(
0
)