首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
(1)Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy o
(1)Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy o
admin
2021-08-05
41
问题
(1)Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies(or friends)in the absence of language.
(2)Most investigators concur mat certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in mem. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.
(3)Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles("feedback")are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: "The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions." Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?
(4)Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons(humorous drawings of people or situations)as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
(5)What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters(substances that transmit nerve impulses.)The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow’s feet" wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
(6)Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression "keep a stiff upper lip" as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a "stiff" lip suppresses emotional response—as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the Up is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
According to Paragraph 2, the Fore people of New Guinea _____.
选项
A、disagreed with others on the portrayed emotions
B、had few contact with the Western culture
C、were queried by Charles Darwin about facial expressions
D、were good at showing their basic emotions
答案
B
解析
这是一道细节题。从第2段第6句中的定语从句who had almost no contact with Western culture可看出巴布亚新几内亚的这一土著部落几乎与西方文化没有任何接触,因此B是正确答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/QFIK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Althoughthefirstyearisreallyimportantforlanguagedevelopmentinchildren,majorlearningcontinuesthroughoutachild’s
Althoughthefirstyearisreallyimportantforlanguagedevelopmentinchildren,majorlearningcontinuesthroughoutachild’s
Educationgivesustheknowledgeoftheworldaroundus.Itdevelopswithusaperspectiveoflookingatlife.Ithelpsusbuild
Thelasttwotornadoseasonshavebeenthedeadliestinadecade,with206deaths.EveryonefromtheinsuranceindustrytoAlG
Conventionalwisdomaboutconflictseemsprettymuchcutanddried.Toolittleconflictbreedsapathyandstagnation.Toomuch
WhenaskedhowtheydefinetheAmericanDream,mostpeoplewillsay,"Success."Thedreamofindividualopportunityhasbe
StephenKrashen’sTheoryofSecondLanguageAcquisitionStephenKrashenisanexpertinthefieldoflinguistics.Somepointsab
(1)Comparedwiththesystemsinotherindustrializedcountries,theAmericanunemployment-insurance(UI)schemepayslowerbene
(1)SocialmobilityintheU.K.couldbereversedunlessthegovernmentanduniversitiesmakechangestoencourageandpayfor
A、TheBritish.B、Germans.C、Americans.D、Notmentioned.C
随机试题
“找借口”“酸葡萄心理”“甜柠檬效应”都是消极的挫折防卫方式,起着自我欺骗和自我麻醉的作用。这种反应是()。
在Word中,主题使用颜色、字体和图形来对文档的()进行设置。
一位非典型肺炎患者冷凝集试验双份血清效价呈4倍以上增高,则怀疑引起感染的病原体是
配伍
某进口设备,按人民币计算的到岸价为450万元,进口关税率为10%,增值税率为17%,无消费税,海关监管手续费为5.25万元,国外运输保险费为4.5万元,则该进口设备应缴的增值税额为()万元。
2013年8月1日,甲公司与乙劳务派遣公司开始商洽订立劳务派遣协议事宜。甲公司人力资源部张经理对乙劳务派遣公司是否具有订立劳务派遣协议资格提出疑义。乙劳务派遣公司李经理当场表态,乙劳务派遣公司从2005年就开展劳务派遣业务,所订立的劳务派遣协议至今履行良好
进口货物完税价格中所含的陆、空、邮运货物的保险费无法确定时,可按货价的千分之三计算保险费。()
某卫生局对某食品厂生产不符合卫生标准的食品的行为给予行政处罚时,发现其行为可能构成生产、销售不符合卫生标准的食品罪,正确的处理方法是()。
根据以下资料,回答下列问题。2010年底,全国高速公路里程为7.41万公里,居世界第二位,比“十一五”规划目标增加9108公里。其中,国家高速公路5.77万公里,比上年末增加0.54万公里。“五纵七横”12条国道主干线提前13年全部建成。全国有11个省份
Whoisillinhospital?
最新回复
(
0
)