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  3. In most countries, the law on organ transplantation is poorly defined, as legislation has not yet been created to cope with this

In most countries, the law on organ transplantation is poorly defined, as legislation has not yet been created to cope with this

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问题      In most countries, the law on organ transplantation is poorly defined, as legislation has not yet been created to cope with this advance in surgery. The existing framework relating to physical assault and care of the dead has no provision for organ transplantation. It is customary to ask the permission of the relatives, but, because organ removal must take place immediately after death, it may be impossible to reach the relatives in time. It has been suggested that there should be a widespread campaign to encourage persons to provide in their wills that their organs be used for transplantation. An alternative is to provide by law that permission is assumed unless removal has been forbidden by the individual in his lifetime. Such laws have been passed in Denmark, France, Sweden, Italy, and Israel. Compulsory postmortem examination, a far more extensive procedure than organ removal for grafting, is required in most countries after unexpected death, and this compulsion is not a matter of public concern and debate.
     There would seem to be no reason why organ removal for transplantation purpose should not also be acceptable to public opinion, provided there is a mechanism by which individuals in their lifetime can refuse this permission. This, of course, requires an efficient register of those who indicate their refusal: the register would be consulted before any organs would be removed. It is important that there be public reassurance that consideration of transplantation would not impair normal resuscitative (抢救的) efforts of the potential donor.
     Transplantation has obviously raised important ethical considerations concerning the diagnosis of death, and, particularly, how far resuscitation should be continued. Every effort must be made to restore the heartbeat to someone who has had a sudden cardiac arrest or breathing to someone who cannot breathe. Artificial respiration and massage of the heart, the standard methods of resuscitation, are continued until it is clear that the brain is dead. Most physicians consider that beyond this point efforts at resuscitation are useless.
It is believed that efforts at resuscitation are useless when ______.
选项 A、artificial respiration and massage of the heart have yielded no obvious result
B、a person’s heartbeat and breath have totally stopped
C、standard methods of resuscitation have failed
D、the brain is certainly dead
答案D
解析 正确答案D 符合原文第三段的最后两句"Artificial respiration…resuscitation，are continued until it is clear that the brain is dead．Most physicians consider that beyond this point efforts at resuscitation are useless．”。而其他选项与原文不符。
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