首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Communicating with Strangers I. The concept of the stranger and the definition of strangeness: A. Strangeness and familiarity
Communicating with Strangers I. The concept of the stranger and the definition of strangeness: A. Strangeness and familiarity
admin
2022-01-23
36
问题
Communicating with Strangers
I. The concept of the stranger and the definition of strangeness:
A. Strangeness and familiarity make up a【T1】_______.
B. Strangers are those at the most【T2】__________.
C. Communication involves predicting others’ responses.
D. Communicating with strangers involves【T3】___________,
II. Communicative predictions based on data from three levels:
A.【T4】______level—dominant values or norms
B. Sociocultural level—【T5】__________
C. Psychocultural level—individuals’【T6】______
III. The process of【T7】_____________
A. Definition: a【T8】______process
- grouping particulars into categories based on similarities.
- distinguishing individuals from categories.
B. Communication with strangers relies on
【T9】______.
C. Strategies to improve effective communication with strangers:
- Be aware of【T10】___________particular individuals from their stereotypical categories.
- Do not rely on familiar scripts and norms.
-【T11】___________________accordingly.
IV. Some【T12】______to reduce uncertainty and anxiety
A. How to gain more information about the stranger:
-【T13】______________.
- Seek information from the stranger’s friends or from books.
-【T14】_______with the stranger and ask questions directly.
B. Uncertainty accompanied by high levels of anxiety.
C. Anxieties can be reduced
- by paying more conscious attention to the
【T15】______.
- by gathering more information on the stranger.
【T3】
Communicating with Strangers
Good morning, today’s lecture on communicating with strangers is the first of the series of lectures under the general topic — intercultural communication. Every day, we communicate the way we do because we are raised in a particular culture and learn its language, rules, and norms. Different cultures and subcultures may have different rules and norms. Therefore, understanding the other’s culture facilitates cross-cultural communication. All communication occurs between people who have varying degrees of familiarity with each other. The key factor in understanding intercultural communication is the concept of the stranger and the definition of strangeness.
First, strangeness and familiarity make up a continuum. We use the term "stranger" to refer to those people at the most unfamiliar end of the continuum. Thus anyone could be considered a stranger, given a sufficiently foreign context. A stranger has limited knowledge of their new environment — of its norms and values. And in turn, the locals have little knowledge of the stranger — of his or her beliefs, interests and habits. Generally speaking, communication with another involves predicting or anticipating their responses. When communicating with someone familiar we are usually confident in our anticipation, and may not even notice that we are making such predictions. In contrast, when we communicate with strangers we are more aware of the range of their possible responses, and of the uncertainty of our predictions.
But where do our predictions come from? Communicative predictions are based on data from three levels. First is the cultural level. This level involves information about the other’s culture, its dominant values and norms. This is often the only level of information available when communicating with a stranger. Even so, a better understanding of the stranger’s culture yields better predictions. The second level of information is sociocultural. This includes data about the other’s group membership, or the groups to which they seek to belong. This type of information is the predominant data used in intracultural communication. Finally there is psychocultura/data. This is information about the individual’s characteristics, and is the sort of data most relevant to communication with friends.
Then, how do we process the prediction data when we communicate with strangers? The answer is that we understand such data by the process of social cognition. Social cognition is a dialectical process which involves both grouping particulars into categories based on their similarities, and of distinguishing individuals from their categories based on their differences. Communication with strangers often relies too heavily on categorization or stereotyping. Such stereotypes may be inaccurate, or may not apply to the present individual. To improve communication with strangers we must pay attention to their unique, individual features. Effective communication with strangers requires an increased awareness of our communication behaviors. First, we tend to categorize things automatically, and so we are less aware of doing it. It takes more of our conscious awareness to differentiate particular individuals from their stereotypical categories. Second, much of our daily communication follows familiar scripts, and so we are not consciously aware of that communication behavior. We cannot rely on such familiar scripts and norms when communicating with a stranger. Our communication will be improved if we recognize that familiar scripts do not apply, and seek to modify our communication behaviors accordingly.
Finally, we need to talk about some ways to reduce people’s uncertainty and anxiety during their communication with strangers. Generally, in communication, we seek to reduce uncertainty. Communication with strangers involves relatively greater degrees of uncertainty, due to the difficulty in predicting a stranger’s responses. We experience uncertainty with regard to the stranger’s attitudes, feelings and beliefs. We are also uncertain of how to explain the stranger’s behavior. Motivation to reduce this uncertainty is more acute when we expect to have further interactions with the stranger, or when they are a potential source of benefit.
We may reduce our uncertainty and increase the accuracy of our predictions by gaining more information about the stranger. There are three basic strategies for gathering such information. One may passively observe the stranger. One may actively seek out information from other friends of the stranger, or from books. Finally, one may seek information directly from the stranger by interacting with them and asking questions. Also, offering information about one’s self often prompts reciprocal offerings of information from another.
The increased uncertainty in interactions with strangers is accompanied by higher levels of anxiety, as we anticipate a wider array of possible negative outcomes. We may worry about damage to our self-esteem from feeling confused and out of control. We may fear the possibility of being incompetent, or being exploited. We may worry about being perceived negatively by the stranger. And we may worry that interacting with a stranger will bring disapproval from members of our own group. Generally these anxieties can be reduced by paying more conscious attention to the communication process, and by gathering more information on the stranger. Generally, individuals tend to explain their own behavior by reference to the situation. Observers tend to attribute an individual’s behavior to elements of that individual’s character. When interacting with strangers we are especially likely to attribute their behavior to their character, and then to view their character as typical of their culture or race, etc. That is, we are especially likely to interpret a stranger’s behavior in light of our stereotypes about what "those kind of people" are like. As a result, consciously focusing on the communication process itself is an effective solution so as to gather more information about the stranger and hence to lower the level of anxiety.
Finally, let’s review the basic concepts covered in today’s lecture. First, we talked about the concept of the stranger and definition of strangeness. Communicating with strangers involve uncertain predictions of their responses. Second, we discussed where communicative predictions come from and how they are processed during communication. And the last concerns our suggestions on some strategies to reduce people’s uncertainty and anxiety during their communication with strangers.
选项
答案
uncertainty in prediction
解析
推断题。讲座原文提到:In contrast,when we communicate with strangers we are more aware of the range of their possible responses,and of the uncertainty of our predictions.可见与陌生人沟通会增加我们交际预测的不确定性。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/QOIK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
(1)ConsideringhowjazzistranscribedinChinese(jueshi),youmaybemisledintoassumingthatitisanaristocraticcultural
HowtoConquerPublicSpeakingFearI.IntroductionA.Publicspeaking—acommonsourceofstressforeveryoneB.Thetruthabou
(1)Vibrationsinthegroundareapoorlyunderstoodbutprobablywidespreadmeansofcommunicationbetweenanimals.(2)In197
HowtoConquerPublicSpeakingFearI.IntroductionA.Publicspeaking—acommonsourceofstressforeveryoneB.Thetruthabou
A、Keepingupdatedwithcurrentinternetapplications.B、Splittingthebillwiththeirchildrenforgoingonline.C、Gettingthep
HowtoWriteaBookReviewI.ThedefinitionofabookreviewA.adescriptiveandcriticalorevaluativeaccountofabookB.a
Properarrangementofclassroomspaceisimportanttoencouraginginteraction.Today’scorporationshirehumanengineeringspec
ThingstobeTaughtinEverySchoolI.Introduction:Importanceofstudents’abilitytodealwiththerealworld.A.Speaker’so
A、Becauseitisaprivatemomenttohim.B、Becausehewantstotaketimeawayfromhisfamily.C、Becausehesuffersfromsleepin
如果“义”代表一种伦理的人生态度,“利”代表一种功利的人生态度,那么,我所说的“情”便代表一种审美的人生态度。它主张率性而行,适情而止,每个人都保持自己的真性情。你不是你所信奉的教义,也不是你所占有的物品,你之为你仅在于你的真实“自我”。生命的意义不在于奉
随机试题
女婴,30天。过期产,出生体重4500克,母亲无糖尿病病史。生后人工喂养,常鼻塞,时有呼吸困难,吃奶差。哭声弱、反应差、便秘,体检:T35℃,P90次/分,皮肤轻度黄染。血象:Hb90g/L,RBC3.6乘以十的十二次方/L,WBC11乘以十的九次方/L。
计算机病毒以多种手段入侵和攻击计算机信息系统,下面有一种不被使用的于段是:
预先披露的招股说明书(申报稿)是发行人发行股票的正式文件,应含有价格信息,但发行人不得据此发行股票。()
关于政府补助,下列说法中正确的有()。
个人通过招标、竞拍或其他方式购置债权以后,通过相关司法或行政程序主张债权而取得的所得,应按照“财产转让所得”项目缴纳个人所得税。()
甲乙两单位互换经营性用房,甲换入的房屋价格为490万元,乙换入的房屋价格为600万元,差价已支付。当地契税税率为3%,则契税的正确处理是()。
下列选项中,哪项不属于无效婚姻?()
A.上颌第一磨牙的近中颊尖正对着下颌第一磨牙的颊沟B.上颌尖牙的牙尖顶对着下颌尖牙的远中唇斜面C.上颌第一磨牙的近中颊尖咬合在下颌第一磨牙颊沟的远中D.上颌尖牙的牙尖顶对着下颌尖牙的近中唇斜面E.上颌第一磨牙的近中颊尖咬合在下颌第一磨牙颊沟的近中
下列关于阶级社会法的共同特征,说法正确的有
运行下列程序,最后在窗体中输出【】。PrivateSubcommand1_Click()a=65:b=17a=aModb^2a=a\4PrintaEndSub
最新回复
(
0
)