2. 考研
  3. [A] The hormone levels in the chimps’ urine showed that, perhaps unsurprisingly, they tended to be more stressed when they enc

[A] The hormone levels in the chimps’ urine showed that, perhaps unsurprisingly, they tended to be more stressed when they enc

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问题     [A]   The hormone levels in the chimps’ urine showed that, perhaps unsurprisingly, they tended to be more stressed when they encountered, or thought they had encountered, animals from other groups. But the research also showed that the social relationships appeared to limit stress all the time, not just in the most stressful situations. This suggests it is important for chimps to have "bond partners" with whom they regularly engage in friendly and cooperative behavior and rarely are aggressive toward.
    [B]  The researchers watched wild chimpanzees at a long-established Ugandan field site, Sonso, over two years, noting a range of aggressive and affiliative social interactions. This included times when the animals were resting and grooming each other, and when they saw or heard members of other chimp groups. The researchers measured the chimps’ stress levels by extensively collecting urine samples to test for the presence of glucocorticoids.
    [C]  It is easy to mentally replace the chimpanzees in this study with humans, and use the term "friends" instead of "bond partners". We all identify that hard times are easier with a friendly shoulder to cry on. Even in a day-to-day context, our lives are that little bit brighter when we know our friends are there.
    [D]  A newly published article in Nature Communications looks into two possible mechanisms behind the way social bonds act as a buffer to stress in chimpanzees. The researchers looked at two contrasting theories: whether "bond partners" (the chimpanzee equivalent of friends) just make particularly stressful times less so, or whether the effects of this partnership are felt throughout the day.
    [E]  This paper reveals that the construction and maintenance of such close social bonds with others has significant, measurable benefits for the physical and mental well-being of chimpanzees, and is regulated at a physiological level. Not only could this help further our understanding of the evolution of human social behavior, but it may also influence the way we face and tackle both physical illnesses and mental health problems across human communities.
    [F]   It appears that both in and out of stressful situations, the daily presence of bond partners actually regulates the system that manages the body’s hormones, reducing an individual’s overall stress. While active support of a bond partner reduces glucocorticoid levels the most, their mere presence also leads to less stress. Although not proven in this study, the authors believe that oxytocin, often referred to as the "love hormone", may be responsible for this regulation. More generally, this hormone balance may also help improve the immune system, cardio function, fertility, mood and even cognition.
    [G]  To create a potentially stressful situation, an experienced field assistant waited until small groups of the chimps were near their territory borders and then drummed on the large root buttresses of trees. This replicated the drumming sounds chimps make to communicate within and between social groups. The aim was to see how these drumming encounters were perceived by individual chimps depending on their social support.
    【D16】 → 【D17】 → 【D18】 → A → 【D19】 → 【D20】 → E
【D18】
选项
答案G
解析 本题位于B和A之间。B提到研究人员通过收集、对比大猩猩在两种情况下产生的尿液来检测大猩猩的压力水平：一种是休息或互相梳理毛发时的情况，一种是遇到其他群落的大猩猩时的情况。前者是大猩猩生活中的常态，后者则不会经常发生，故要取得后一种情况下的尿液，必须先创造条件，让大猩猩变得精神紧张。G讲的正是如何创设让大猩猩精神紧张的实验情景，接着B之后逻辑合理。此外，A讲研究发现的结果——大猩猩遭遇其他动物群落时会变得紧张，社会关系能对此起到舒缓作用。可见，上一段应该讲到实验过程中如何让大猩猩产生压力。故最终确定答案为G。
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